Definitions of Attitudes Essay

Classical conditioning is the process of learning by association, which involves the pairing of stimuli; when one (1) stimulus regularly precedes another, the one that occurs first is a signal for the other to occur. If an individual eats spicy cuisine, which constantly gives them heartburn, they associate the spicy food with heartburn. The individual recognizes that once spicy food is ingested, heartburn will follow next. Hence the attitude towards spicy foods may not be positive. Instrumental conditioning is the process by which the individual learns the difference between rewards and punishments and actions with these consequences as the end result. If a child knows that his/her parent(s) will spank them for breaking a glass, then the attitude towards such an action will be negative, in order to deter punishment, but if he/she recognizes that doing well at school reaps rewards, then the attitude towards studying and excelling will be positive. Observational conditioning is simply developing an attitude from example learning. An attitude is observed and influences and individual’s own attitude towards the subject in question. In a parent-child relationship, children observer their parent’s attitude and often times adopt them. If a child hears their parent making negative comments about an issue, they may possibly develop a negative attitude towards the same issue. Comparing our views to those of others, to see if our social reality is or is not correct, can form attitudes. We often change our attitudes to fit in with everyone else’s so that we do not feel ‘left out’. Political views are an example of this. An individual may hold a particular view on the current political administration, however, while in a group discussion, the general consensus may not be the same as that of the individual, who may then sway his/her attitude, towards that of the groups’ in order to be a part of the discussion and use their views to second guess his/her views. Genetics play a small role in attitude formation. Studies conducted with identical twins suggest that attitudes may be influenced by genetic factors. Daniel Katz proposed a functional theory of attitudes. He thought that attitudes are determined by the functions they serve as they help the individual to achieve their goals. The four (4) functions are the instrumental, knowledge, value-expressive and ego-defensive. Katz’s theory also says that our attitudes change, once they no longer serve its functions and the individual feels frustrated. The instrumental function helps individuals to form negative and positive attitudes by adopting favorable attitudes to maximize rewards and shunning unsavory ones to minimize punishments and help us to realise specific goals. The knowledge function helps us to evaluate surroundings and seeks to give clarity about ideas, objects and persons. The value-expressive function serves to publicly express ourselves. From the way we dress to our religious convictions, this function helps to adopt attitudes consistent with our views.

A Love in La and Good Man Hard to Find Essay

I observe only one similarity in both stories, which they were on a road and crash cars, this is an only similarity in those two stories which I can think of it. I did not notice any of the characters of both stories in the sense of similarity. But the jack and grandmother were kind of same sense of selfness. The both character think only for them self and want all the intension towards them. Love in L.A, a story of the person whose name is jack and seems like he is very lazy and disappointed from his lifestyle, wants to get some change in his lifestyle. One day jack was driving on a free way in los Angeles, suddenly he hit a car from back side and being a nice guy that he pulled over, he don’t want to but he did for a reason to have a chat with another driver because he found out that the driver of other car is a beautiful girl name â€Å"Mariana†, which he hit it from his old Buick. â€Å"A good man is hard to find† a story of a lady whose character mention as a â€Å"grandmother†, the whole story is based on grandmother mind set and the killer â€Å"misfit†, who escape from prison with his inmates friends. The family of grandmother made a vacation trip to Florida, but turns out grandmother wants to go to Tennessee, to change the trip for family from Florida to Tennessee, she read a article and show his son, there is some criminal offender escaped from prison, and its not safe to go to Florida this time because the character Misfit was heading to same direction. The grandmother wants to go to Tennessee, that’s what she was saying and has intension in whole trip; she also called herself a â€Å"Lady†. Bailey, a resident of Atlanta, he crashed their car on a trip to Florida when he gives into the grandmothers wishes to visit an old plantation. John and June star they were self centered children. Their behavior results from a lack of parental discipline. The misfit Dangerous, escaped from prisoner who comes across bailey and his family on a dirt road after they have crashed. He is having an internal debate of the meaning of life his purpose in it. I think both the writers are very impressive in the way of portraying the message, both stories have a strong side of message to the readers and they focus on the idea of human nature and discuss about the lifestyle of some individuals, the main purpose of those stories is to inform public about the character and the nature of humanity how people can do for his own sake and how far and deep can go any individuals for their desires. They main themes of those authors are to communicate with the people who have the same mind set for others and also describe the person behavior through those stories. I believe Gilbs was trying to force us to focus on the character and the nature of jack, because he was so desperate, full of laziness, have nothing special in his life and wants some change looking for some excuse to happen that he can turn his lifestyle in 360 degrees and become someone who is not himself. Second thought which I can think of by jack character is jack found himself lucky by crashing his car with beautiful girl who belongs to rich or moderate family, can benefit jack in his life and he can get some advantages from her and become someone else while he was thinking this, the authors wants to end the story different way to avoid his desire and make him hang loose in middle of nowhere. A second opinion on the issue is that the grandmother’s final act was not an act of charity and that she is yet again trying to save herself from being murdered. Some say that Flannery O’Connor uses the excuse as the grandmother’s final â€Å"moment of grace† to save the story from the bloodshed and violence. It is also pointed out that by the time the grandmother touches the Misfit, proclaiming he is her son, he is wearing Bailey’s shirt. Other opinions include that it is contradictory of her character or that she was simply again trying to save herself and that her selfishness was never overcome throughout the story. Who remarks that through enduring a constant of violence, she would have been a good woman if there had been someone to shoot her every day? It is also irony that the setting is on a freeway, where many people are driving each and every day. The chances of running into your soul mate are pretty slim. In my opinion, Jake has no moral c ode. He is willing to do whatever it takes to get away with the situation he has caused. By reading the character of jack in this short story, I think jack was a person who wants some change in his life, but he was so lazy to do so, wants to take some short cuts in his life to make it better living, as it mention in the story that he needed an FM radio in something better than this ’58 Buick he drove. It would have crushed velvet interior with electric controls for the L. A. Summer, a nice warm heater and defroster for the winter drives at the beach, a cruise control for those longer trips, mellow speakers front and rear of course, windows that hum closed, snuffing out that nasty exterior noise of freeways. When jack was thinking about this freedom from those problems which he was facing in his life, once he glimpsed green light, he got into accident with Toyota. In other hand O’Connor explain the accomplices shoot Bailey and John in the forest, then come back to retrieve the children’s mother, the baby and June Star for the same purpose. The grandmother begins pleading for her own life. When The Misfit ignores her pleas, she implores him to pray to Jesus. The Man becomes very angry. â€Å"There’s no pleasure but meanness,† said The Misfit. â€Å"You’re one of my own children!† The Grandmother says, as she reaches out and touches The Misfit. He shoots her three times. When the accomplices finish murdering the family, The Misfit takes a moment to clean his glasses, saying she would have been a good woman if someone could have been there to shoot her every minute of her life. Reading those two stories, my views has not been changed on the word love, but yes I found some new direction towards love, how people can go so far for their desire to accomplished and make things work for them self. Its turns out that those two main characters are selfish and have want to put their self on others and use others as a stairs for their achievements. My point of view love is nothing, most people manipulates the word love with respect, care and beauty. Basically when we care for someone we called at love, but sometime this word cause a lot of trouble, in real life. Love can only be done with God, and its gives us a direction to faith on religion. References Dagoberto Gilb (2004). Love in LA, Literature to Go. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Flannery O’Connor (1953). A Good Man is Hard to Find, Literature to Go. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Kristy Walker (2004). Retrieved from (http://www.writework.com/essay/love-21.)

Virgin Atlantic Case Study

Atlantics primary problem is that they were operating in the middle of the optimal utility model. Their slogan had become â€Å"Offering a First Class service at less than First Class fares†. In which Virgin Atlantic Is offering high quality at a low cost, which keeps them In the middle and not profitable. It seems that Virgin Atlantic did not take Into account that offering a premium service as they were would come at a premium cost for them and when throwing In low cost fares Into the mix they were reading a loss and expectations they will not be able to sustain for a long time.Starting off as a low cost premium airline aimed towards the business class may have been there way into the market and obtain market share but at some point they needed to work their way out of the middle of the optimal utility model and shift either towards high quality or low cost, not both simultaneously to stay profitable. Seeing that there number one goal was to provide premium innovative servic es/ products they could have gone the route that Apple Inc. As done by providing innovative premium products at a premium prices rather than setting themselves up for future losses.A recommendation for Virgin Atlantics primary problem of operating In the middle of the optimal utility model, In which consumers want either high quality or low cost products and services. Virgin should keep moving forward with innovation and providing a premium experience for all of their passengers but do it at a higher price so that they do not create any losses. Another route to go in would be to become a upper low cost provider for their business class niche and stop spending on infilling entertainment and amenities and focus only on cutting costs which would allow them to be profitable as a low cost air transportation provider.Another secondary problem is that during Virgin Atlantics pursuit to be innovative, top management neglected to make innovations that would help the company in terms of lower ing costs and Increasing profit. They only focused on innovations that benefited the consumers and not any self-interest. For example when Virgin Alertness management team decided that they did not want passengers to feel bored, they came up with innovative ways to keep them entertained during their flights such as pioneering individual video screens for every seat.But innovations like that did not help them cut any costs or increase fares significantly enough to increase profits or reduce costs. A recommendation in regards to creating innovations to help reduce costs and increase profits would be for Virgin Atlantic Airways to partner with small shipping impasses who could buy cargo space on Virgin Atlantic flights that are not at full capacity, so that they can generate more revenue on flights that are not traveling full of passengers.Another Innovative Idea would be to use the Individual video screens that they pioneered as ad space in the Mid and Economy class section of their p lanes. By doing so Vulgar Atlantic would be able generate additional revenues by selling ad space to advertisers, which would allow them to lower their cost per route,

Democratic Life Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Democratic Life - Research Paper Example That right mix of establishment is certainly named democracy - a type of government where the ruling party is chosen by the people, for the people from the people. This concept has epitomized the need for human freedom and political involvement of all the citizens of the society. Through this system, all citizens are granted equal rights and privileges and the society starts to run on a self correcting mechanism. Today, the most popular form of democracy is the parliamentarian form of democracy where the public takes part in the elections via voting procedures and chose a representative to rule them. Another form of democracy that is not very popular is the direct democracy where the public directly elects the executive governing members rather than a parliament (Foner, 58). Developed Countries and Democracy Since its inception, the democratic system of governance has proved to be very beneficial for the countries that have adopted it. No wonder all the developed economies are democr acies. The economic social and political success of the west can all be associated to democracy. The social context has changed a lot in the last century. The standard of living of people has been improved and also the vices of the society have also popped up such as slavery, child labor, feudalism, infanticide etc. In such circumstances, it is important that the society get empowered as a whole and the uplifting of each member of the society will result in a much prolific society. This democracy is the best policy. Freedom The success of democracy lies in the opportunity of freedom that it encompasses. Democratic states give an opportunity of freedom to the citizen while the case is totally different in case of autocratic and anarchic states. People in democratic states enjoy freedom of speech, freedom of rights and freedom of expression etc. They have the freedom to choose who rules them by voting. Consequently they have the freedom to decide and choose how they will be ruled- the status quo - the policy of their nation and what the government should chose as policies. Democracy also gives people freedom of expression and speech and they can even criticize their own government. Power Lies in the Hands of People Democracy is often considered to be totally people centric. Its proposition of being for the people and from the people and for the people is a universal phenomenon. As a result the people themselves become the agents of the change when they bring about the change through their own choices. Democracy also becomes more holistic when it encompasses even the most trivial member of the society. It empowers him and makes him equal to the elitist person of the society in terms of the power to vote. Transparency in Democracy Democracy unlike other unconventional forms of government inculcates transparency in the social and legal format. Each and every person of the society becomes accountable for his conduct and also becomes a supervisor who looks after the activities of the other people. Hence we can also say that democracy is a self correcting mechanism and a more authentic one. The checks and balances that occur in the system make a more prolific and accountable society as compared to other forms of government. The autonomy that is given to the state institutions such as media, court and law enforcement agencies is phenomenal and therefore a feeling of empowerment prevails in the society. Respect for Human Rights Democracy is also the most humanitarian

Database Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Database Management - Assignment Example The wild wood company offers fair rates to employees who live and maintain the apartments. It is the tradition of the wild wood apartments to ensure that they meet to discuss on how to improve the standards of their apartments and plan to expand their business in real estate. Tenants fill questionnaires every end month to air out complaints or suggest on new ways to maintain the apartments. The introduction of a database will be to meet the daily needs of the employees and the tenants who live within the Wild Wood apartments. It will also help in keeping of records of the apartments such as expenditure and the rents paid by the tenants. The database may also have records on the margin of profits and losses of the apartments. 4. Building the physical database: The data model will be translated to the Relational Database Management system. Tables, Columns with specific data types and Relational and other constraints created. Time allotted 2 days. 5. Testing and security: Sample data will be entered and each of the business rules and requirements will be tested. General database security and security related to business rules will also be tested. Time allotted 3 weeks. 6. Database completion and installation: Final changes and corrections are made. Sample data will be removed and the database installed on a server. Final testing for server access and connections. Time allotted 2

Why is hunting Dove so special Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Why is hunting Dove so special - Research Paper Example Rather, dove hunting is a harmless and unique sporting activity which if supported, would eventually culminate into infinite advantages, to the participants, the public, the government and even to the birds that are being hunted. Dove hunting has been associated with a number of issues and myths. Of late is sharply on the decrease (Decker, Enck, & Brown, 22). A number of states are against dove hunting and other states which have allowed it has got lots of restrictions on it. Dove hunting has got lots of problems in various states like Iowa and others which practice it. Firstly, dove hunting has been made to be very expensive in terms of money which is used for buying hunting license. It has also been pointed that dove hunting has little economic value which may not support the entire estate when relied on fully. Dove hunting has also been alleged that the dove species when they are decreasing in number, dove population relies on some factors which include natural conditions like extreme weather conditions, predators and predators. All these factors causes decrease in population which may affects dove species. Hunting may also affects the behavior of doves generally. When hunting becomes too much, doves may tend to migrate to places with extreme weather conditions which may expose them to diseases. There are some home steeds where the doves always migrate to when hunting and some natural conditions are severe, these places provides shelters to the doves during rainy seasons but are also very dangerous places for the doves. There are also some predators which are also in those home steeds like dogs which may in turn feed on the doves decreasing their number which also affects the species of the doves Severe restrictions on dove hunting or complete prohibition of the activity have often been justified on the grounds that dove hunting is a threat to the birds , in the sense that it would reduce the number of doves. However, it should be

Effects of Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Effects of Drugs - Essay Example This paper will assess the influence of drugs one’s family, career and life. As mentioned above, drugs are addictive meaning an individual becomes dependent on the substance and neglects his or her responsibilities in order to satisfy his addiction. Drugs have side effects after use as they imitate or inhibit the action of neurotransmitters which makes them stimulants or depressors (Carlson, 12). In addition, drugs have a toxic effect on the neurons which reduces the mental capabilities of an individual. Therefore, the diminished neuronal function will adversely affect an individual’s cognition making him or her incompetent at the workplace. Furthermore, the patient is likely to experience changes in his personality and regular mood swings which affect his relation to his colleagues. Therefore, drugs make an individual incapable of performing his professional obligations and he or she is unlikely to keep a job. This also explains why the majority of drug users are unemployed. The family of drug user is likely to be affected the most by this habit. This is because the family knows the real personality of an individual on drugs and they are tormented by watching the way drugs metamorphose his or her behavior and character. Therefore, drug use has a severe psychological impact on the family of a drug user. If the individual is the breadwinner, the family will also be affected financially as he will be unable to provide the financial resources necessary for satisfying basic needs (Swain et al. 327-333). Drug users often use the majority of their money on drugs as these are expensive and if they do not use these drugs they begin to experience withdrawal symptoms which are very difficult to resolve. According to sociological studies, drug users are also more likely to be abusive meaning the family can also be subjected to violent attacks from the user. In summation, the life of a drug user is very complicated and he or she is often depressed due to the extremes

Leadership style in Joothor Development Services Essay

Leadership style in Joothor Development Services - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of leadership as the ability of motivating and influencing a team to achieving the set target and goals. It is about creating a vision and converting it to reality. In the business, world leadership is related to performance with effective leadership with effective leaders being those with an ability of adding value to their company. It is a fact that most organizations around the world lose because managers are not adequately skilled and knowledgeable and failing to acknowledge the leadership issues that should form part of their decision-making activities hence the need for this project. Strategic leadership is vital in the organization’s endeavors of accomplishing and sustaining their competitive advantage in this era. Effective leaders are gaining recognition on the important role they play in identifying opportunities and making the right decisions that add value to businesses through effective procedures. In this century, with the rapid change in business, studies and theories are centered on leadership as a whole, the followers and the nature of leadership exhibited in organizations. This has facilitated the need to studying leadership with the focus on managing invariable change which is normally referred to as New Paradigm model. The New Paradigm model focuses on model theories, for instance, charismatic leadership, visionary and transformational leadership. Visionary leadership is described as the act of creating practical and sensible, robust vision for the future of a company.

How and why did the visionary architectural drawings of tienne-Louis Essay

How and why did the visionary architectural drawings of tienne-Louis Boulee and Claude Nicolas Ledoux challenge the classical style of their time - Essay Example The structures that they envisioned looked unbuildable because of their technical standards. The following paper tries to elaborate how both architects Etienne-Louis Boulee and Claude Nicolas Ledoux challenge classical style of their time. The historical importance of Ledoux is the fact that he introduced a new system in his architectural works. The new system incorporated new elements that became evident in the old system dominating it and replacing it with the new system. In French revolution period, theses architects are considered to have developed opposing principles. The work by Etienne is a demonstration of the new system in architecture where he asserts the importance of new principles in architecture and isolation of the other parts. In most cases, both architects are considered together but they are not similar in their architectural works. Ledoux is considered pragmatic because his works were developed to be constructed putting into consideration the needs of the people. On the other hand, Boullee does not seem to share the same interests. He was appointed as an architect by king Lous XVI in 1773 and before he could publish his work he was dismissed and arrested in 1793 by the revolutionary committee for al leged conspiracy of cooperating with Madame du Barry and for not acknowledging the king. His book was published in 1804 prior to his death, and this enabled him to share his ideas concerning architecture (Lawrence 25). Boullee’s theoretical designs for public cenotaphs sought to instigate lofty feelings in the view by architectural designs that suggested immensity, sublimity, and awesomeness of nature and divine aptitude underlying its creation. He was greatly inspired by indiscriminate interest for antiquity form Egyptian monuments experienced by his contemporaries. Boullee work is characterized by geometric forms put

Jominy End Essay Example for Free

Jominy End Essay To determine the hardenability of plain carbon steel. Theory Hardenability is the ability of a steel to be hardened and form martensite during quenching. Hardenability indicates the depth of hardness which is obtained from quenching process, and it is very important to the components of machine especially tool steel. One of the methods to determine the hardenability of steels is Jominy End-Quench Test. Hardening usually involves quenching where the steel is heated to austenite phase and fast cooling in the quench medium such as water, oil, salt solution, or air to produce microstructure of martensite. The martensite gives hard and brittle properties of steel. Usually, for heavy steel components, the hardness decreases at the core of component because the microstructure formed is ferrite and pearlite. While at the surface of the component have higher hardness. The difference of the hardness between the core and surface can be explained by Continuous Cooling Transformation or CCT diagram of the steel. If the cooling rate of steel does not cross the transformation curve of the diagram, then the hardness on the whole steel can be obtained. CCT diagrams allow prediction of the final microstructure of the steel taking into account the continuous nature of the process during cooling of austenite. Other than that, CCT diagrams take into consideration continuous cooling during quenching; the cooling curve assumes a constant cooling rate. As we can see from the diagram, martensite form at the temperature below than 200? C, it mean that the specimen with faster cooling rate will able to form more martensite and higher hardness. Continuous Cooling Transformation diagram | | The above diagram show the time-temperature isothermal transformation diagram for the plain carbon steel Apparatus Specimen of plain carbon steel, furnace, Jominy End-Quench Unit, and Vickers Harness Tester. Experimental Procedure (a) Heat the specimen to temperature of 850Â °C and soak at that temperature for 20 minutes. After that, its remain almost constant while the distance increase. In our experiment, there are some test errors where we are having small rise in our reading of the hardenability value which suppose decrease continuously. This is due to the uneven surface of the tested specimen or cause by the unbalanced cooling rate throughout the specimen. (b) Gives your opinion on the correlation between cooling rate of specimen and the graph obtained. The cooling rate at the end of the plain carbon steel are much higher compare to the. Thus, in the graph it shows the highest hardness at the early stage and then slowly decreases when approaching to the core of the steel. We also can say that, at the end of the steel has the highest hardness which cause by the high content of martensite. However, the content of the martensite and hardness will drop when approaching to the centre of the steel. We can conclude that the cooling rate decreases from the end-quench to the centre of the steel, resulting in decreasing of the hardness.

Local Area Networks Interconnection

Local Area Networks Interconnection This lab is designed to demonstrate the implementation of switched local area networks. The simulation in this lab will help you examine the performance of different implementations of local area networks connected by switches and hubs. A hub forwards the packet that arrives on any of its inputs on all the outputs regardless of the destination of the packet. Hub has only one collision domain. On the other hand, a switch forwards incoming packets to one or more outputs depending on the destination(s) of the packets. Switches has separate collision domains for each connection. Here we will study how the throughput and collision of packets in a switched network are affected by the configuration of the network and the types of switching devices that are used. Implementation of Network The implementation involves series of steps as follows: We select the network topology as star and edit all the attributes as per the lab manual. The next step is to configure the nodes of the network for setting the traffic generated by each station. The network consists of 16 nodes each of which is connected to a hub by a 10 Base-T Ethernet. The statistics are chosen for the simulation. We select the delay(sec), traffic sent ( packets/sec), traffic received ( packets/sec) and the collision count. The simulation is configured for the time duration of 2 minutes. The next step involves duplicating the scenario in order to have two hubs connected by one switch. Finally, the simulation is run and the results are compared for their performance based on the statistics chosen for simulation. Lab Results: We have experimented with two scenarios i.e. Scenario1: Only hub Scenario2: Two hubs and a switch. The statistics chosen for comparing the above mentioned scenarios are Ethernet Delay (sec) Traffic sent (packets/sec) Traffic received (packets/sec) Collision count. As per the implementation steps followed, we received the following results given below: The two figures given below compares the traffic sent/received(packets/sec) in the two scenarios. The Fig#1 indicates that the average time to send the data packets in a network with a hub or a hub switch is the same or almost identical. The Fig#2 indicates that the average time to receive data packets or the throughput in case of a hub switch network is more than that of a network with only hub. Fig1. Indicates the time average for traffic sent in packets/sec Fig2. Indicates the time average for traffic received in packets/sec The two figures given below compares the collision count and the time delay in the two scenarios. The Fig#3 indicates that the collision count in a hub and switch network is lesser than in an only hub network. The Fig#4 indicates that Ethernet delay in a hub and switch network is lesser than in an only hub network. Fig3. Indicates Ethernet collision count for the two scenarios Fig 4. Indicates Ethernet delay(sec) for the two scenarios. The Fig#5, compares the collision count in both the scenarios i.e. with only Hub and in HubSwitch networks. It shows that the collision count for only Hub is maximum as compared to the collision count for a HubSwitch network. The collision count for the Hub1 and Hub2 in the office network have almost the same collision rate. Thus, it proves that the collision rate reduces in a network with a switch compared to the network with a hub. Thus, the throughput of switched network is greater than only hub networks. Fig 5. Indicates the collision count of the Hub in the Only Hub network and the Hub1 and Hub used in the Hub and Switch network. Question and Answers Q-1 Explain why adding a switch makes the network perform better in terms of throughput and delay. Ans: As per the collision count identified for both the network with only Hub and other with a Hub Switch, the collision count for the Hub1 and Hub 2 in a switched network is much lesser than the Hub1 in the only Hub network. This happens because of the following reasons: As soon as the Hub receives the packets at its input ports, it forwards them to all outputs irrespective of the destination of the packet to be sent. This increases the chances of collision in hubs. Where as, in case of a switched network, the switch can receive the packets at its input ports in parallel, and forwards multiple packets to their destined addresses at the same time. In the lab experiment, there exists two hubs i.e. Hub1 and Hub2 with a switch connecting the two in the middle. Both the hubs receive the packets. The switch acts a a mediator between the two hubs and forwards the packets from one hub to the other with lesser collision. Thus, the switch helps to reduce the collision rate compared to that with a single hub. Hence, this improves the network performance in terms of throughput and delay. Q 2 We analyzed the collision counts of the hubs. Can you analyze the collision count of the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Switchà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ? Explain your answer. Ans: In the experiment, we have analyzed the collision counts of the hubs in both single and double hubs with a switch networks. From the results obtained from the experiment, it clears tha fact that the collision count using a switch reduces to a greater amount compared to that without a switch. This is due to the fact, that the switch can receive the packets in parallel and buffer the same in case of heavy incoming traffic and also forward the same in parallel to their destined address. Since, there is always a full duplex communication between the switch and the hub, thus the packets exchanged will never collide with each other. Thus, there are hardly any collisions in case of switch. Q 3 Create two new scenarios. The first one is the same as the OnlyHub scenario but replace the hub with a switch. The second new scenario is the same as the HubAndSwitch scenario but replace both hubs with two switches, remove the old switch, and connect the two switches you just added together with a 10BaseT link. Compare the performance of the four scenarios in terms of delay, throughput, and collision count. Analyze the results. Note: To replace a hub with a switch, right-click on the hub and assign ethernet16_switch to its model attribute. Ans: In the first scenario we have duplicated the scenario consisting of only a hub. Thus, the only hub shown in Fig3.1 has been replaced by a switch as shown in Fig3.2. In the second scenario, we have duplicated the network with Hub and a switch as shown in Fig#8. Thus, the two hubs in Fig3.3 have been replaced by two switches and have removed the older switch as shown in Fig3.4. Both the new switches have been connected using a 10 BaseT link. Fig 3.1 N/W configuration with only hub. Fig 3.2: N/W configuration with only switch. Fig 3.3 N/W configuration with two hubs and one switch Fig3.4 N/W configuration with two switches Comparing the Results: The four scenarios which have been compared include the following: (1) Network with only a hub (2) Network with a Switch and a Hub (3) Network with only a switch (4) Network with two switches. In the Fig3.5, the graph compares the Ethernet delay in seconds for all the four scenarios. It shows, that the time delay is maximum for a network with a single hub and least for networks with no hubs but switch(s). Thus, the graph shows that the time delay reduces with the number of switches added in the network The Fig3.6 compares the throughput i.e. the number of packets received per seconds for all the four scenarios. As per the graph, the throughput is almost the same and maximum for the networks consisting of one or two switches. Whereas, the throughput is less with only hub in the network. Thus, the no. of packets received is greater for the networks which are switched based. Fig 3.5 Compares the Ethernet delay in sec for four scenarios. Fig3.6 Compares the traffic received (Throughput) in packets/ sec for the four scenarios. We have not compared the collision count for the four scenarios because the collision count is very less in case of switched networks. Conclusion From this lab experiment we have concluded that the switched networks have better throughput, delay and collisions compared to the network with Hubs. The difficulty faced while performing the experiment was the reading of collision count for the switched network with two hubs and the switch in middle. We faced issues in collecting the combined results of collision for the first two scenarios. But towards the end of the lab experiment, we received good hands on experience on Opnet, and the advantages of having a switched network compared to hubs.

Implementation of Data Protection Act in Childcare

Implementation of Data Protection Act in Childcare Unit 5 Choose and evaluate four of the 8 Data protection Act principles, providing examples of how these would be implemented in a child care setting. Data should be fairly and lawfully processed. This means data collected must be obtained legally and without any deceit. The child care setting will require written consent from each individual’s child’s parents/ guardian/ carer in order for personal data to be collected and processed. In this respect it will be taken that consent is implied through the following: Clients – by the parent/ carer who signs the registration forms and appropriate consent forms as a ‘contract for nursery care’ for their child/ children. Employees – by completing the job application form at onset of employment, and where the employee has not registered an objection to their data being used. Good explanation. Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed. This is the third data protection principle. In practice, it means you should ensure that: You hold personal data about an individual that is sufficient for the purpose you are holding it for in relation to that individual, and you do not hold more information than you need for that purpose. You should identify the minimum amount of personal data you need to properly fulfil your purpose. Child carer should identify the minimum amount for children of personal data they need to properly fulfil their purpose. They should hold that much information but no more. This is part of the practice known as â€Å"data minimisation†. Personal data shall be accurate and where necessary kept up to date. This is the fourth data protection principle. Although this principle sounds straightforward, the law recognises that it may not be practical to double check the accuracy of every item of personal data you receive. So the Act makes special provision about the accuracy of information that individuals provide about themselves or that is obtained from third parties In a child care setting, every child care provider shall keep current records of child and family information for each child enrolled during the period of enrolment and for a period of at least two years after discharge, which shall include All child information Parent information Telephone number of the parent or guardian while the child is attending the child care centre Name, address and telephone number of a person designated by the parent or guardian to be contacted in the event of an emergency if the parent or guardian is not available Records of any medical, physical, developmental or emotional conditions relevant to the care of the child Each childs Manitoba Health registration and personal health identification numbers and name of the childs physician Where applicable, copies of separation agreements, court orders or other documents setting out custody arrangements for each child. Parents to keep carer updated with any change of personal change i.e. change of address, divorce, separation, etc. Child care regulations require attendance reports to be kept and available for inspection for a period of two years. However, centres are advised to consider keeping attendance reports longer for other purposes, such as income tax To comply with these provisions child carer should: Take reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of any personal data they obtain. Ensure that the source of any personal data is clear carefully consider any challenges to the accuracy of information and consider whether it is necessary to update the information. You could also recognise here, the importance of accurate and up-to-date child information records. Data should be securely stored Personal data and records will be maintained under appropriate conditions of security to prevent any unauthorised or accidental disclosure. Records can be hard copy (paper) format and computer files. Particular attention is paid to the following aspects of the record storage. Hard copy file. Identification of storage; Identification of those employees authorised to have access. Computer file: Password- protection for access to sensitive data files: Who is authorised to have knowledge of these passwords Back up, control and management of what are essentially copies of personal data. In child care setting when personal data is being processed, staff will take reasonable precautions to prevent sighting of data by unauthorised persons: Record files are locked away when are not in use. Where practical computer screens should be tilted towards the user and away from the general office environment; Computers are not left on when not in use to secure the children delete the recording data or either the carer should put separate computer special for children. Good. Evaluate the need for accurate, legible and up to date record keeping, and identify the consequences of non-compliance. It is important to keep records which are up to date to provide accurate, current, comprehensive and concise information concerning the condition and the care required for all individuals. Accurate, legible and up to date record keeping provide the basic for planning and help to insure that children’s natural desire to discover, explore and learn are supported and encouraged. Keeping goods record help staff and carer to see a picture of the whole child over a period of time and understand children as part of a family and as member of the community, also will help other member to carry on if the key person is absent Record should be kept in a clear and logical manner, using clear language that can be understood. Accurate information needs to be recorded so that parents can pass this on to HMRC for the calculation of tax and benefits that they are entitled to. From a healthy and safety accurate records are necessary to insure that correct medication is administered when necessary for children and that allergy information and special requirements are adhered to. A good point. Legibility is also needed because is important from a financial perspective, to insure that correct information is submitted to the HMRC for tax purposes. All records which are produced weather written or electronic must be signed and dated, they must also be stored correctly in accordance with that data protection act 1998. It is vital that records are kept up to date, as this ensures that the individual’s needs are being met, and may also help to reduce the likelihood of abuse. Service users must be involved and informed about any changes made within their personal records and care plan files; this may also include medical or social service records Effective record keeping by health care workers can also ensure that a high standard of health and social care is being provided within the working environment; all information written in files must be clear and relevant and must never be discussed outside of a working environment as this would again breach the customer confidentiality law, the law also states that if it’s not written down, then it never happened, so this is yet another reason as to why it is so important to keep up to date records, regarding an individual’s general health and well-being. It is important to keep the record information clearly so everyone who will ever need to have an access to them will not struggle to understand them or read them. Accurate and up-to-date recording is important especially when there is an emergency and the staff-in-charge is not available due to illness, vacation, resignation, etc. Good records and documentation will facilitate communication between service providers to ensure coordinated, rather than fragmented service. Consequences of non-compliance The record will not be easily searchable. If records are not update in child care setting child carer might be getting the wrong tests and wrong treatments to a child, if they werent accurate, they might get wrong medication dosage and if the writing isnt legible, the child care nurses would not be able to read and carry out the doctors orders. May not have backup unless copied on routine basis or carbon-copied. Requires legible handwriting Pages may fall out – this can be remedied by the use of reinforced whole paper. In child care setting is very important to keep the dada accurate, legible and up to date in case of any absent of someone, anyone in the setting can know exactly what to do as the records shown. Good, an important point discussed. . Explain the difference ways of recording digital and paper records in the child care setting Digital recording is the translation and transcription of sound into an on-off format (binary). This binary transcription is called a digital recording, and is done by an analogy to digital converter (ADC). A digital recording can be translated back into sound by computers and other playback devices. (This is a definition of a digital sound recording and is not necessary for this question) Ways of recording digital and paper records in the child care setting are:- Portable hard drives: This is a piece of equipment that sits outside of a computer or laptop on its own enclosure, the easiest way in child care setting is to use it for backup as it can be plugged in the computer and data recorded or saved onto it, this can be done by saving each individual file or folder for the children and stored securely in a closed cabinet or safe. Computer or laptop is also a digital recording means which used in almost every child care settings. Child carers are using computer program as record keeping devices to keep the record of children’s friendship groups, spontaneous play experiences, attendance records, and children academic progress records. These records can be used in mind mapping exercises to plan for children’s long term learning and development. Child care providers also using digital cameras to assist children to record their own activities or learning experiences when there in the setting. Other devices like USB flash drive and CDs are also used to record digital data in child care settings. These devices can be put together with child’s folder. USB Flash. CDs and DVDs Some centres still favour paper-based methods of recording information. This includes day-to-day snapshot recording done on Post-its. At the end of the session these are transferred into the child’s individual record or on to the planning sheet as a way of planning the following day’s activities, and to take account of individual children’s interests. Some centres adopt a ‘Plan do and review’ approach, and the children are encouraged to record their own interests or what they have done that morning on a large sheet of paper or on a whiteboard. This recording can be done on their behalf by an adult or they can draw their own picture. Child home book. A home book is a book that the child brings from nursery to home and then back again, and is a way of encouraging two-way dialogue. This is helpful for the staff and alerts them on how to prepare the child for whatever changes that are happening at home. For example, in Great ones Nursery the children go to their key worker at the end of the morning to review what they have enjoyed that day. Kylie tells her key worker that she really liked shining the torch through some coloured glass. The key worker writes this down. Timmy says he liked playing with the cars best and he draws a picture of a car to illustrate this point Identify the primary types of data storage for digital and paper records, and evaluate the best option for a home child care setting. Digital storage, would be stored on any normal computer hard drive, as well as backed up at least twice on external hard drives which are stored at various locations Media doesnt truly exist unless there are 3 copies You store these at different locations, stops the loss of data through theft and fire as its spread over locations. Encryption for digital files is also recommended, as it would then be far harder for any thief or unknown person to gain access to any saved data and media Source(s). Paper storage would obviously be in Ring binders or folders in plastic wallets and envelops marked with sticky labels for dates and times etc. sorted numerically. Files should be stored on their spine with the file pin at the bottom of the box. Where a file only consists of individual documents or items and they can be stored flat on the bottom of a box – take care not to stack too many items on top of one another or retrieval may be difficult and damage items at the bottom In a Home child care Settings a dedicated space must be appointed for storage of both digital and paper data storage. The folders or ring binders must be kept in a secured drawer or cabinet which is locker able and easily accessible. The computer and all other files are perfect in child care setting but should be in a specific room (Home Office) that not everybody can access them that is not required or associated with the childcare business this includes members of the family. Ether all are perfect for child care setting but paper records should not be stored on the top of shelving units. Files may be too close to ceiling lights and exposed to dust and in the event of fire, water damage from fire sprinklers. Aisles between shelving should allow easy access to, and transport of records. Suitably sized tables should be located near storage cabinets, so that staff can safely check the contents and retrieve items from boxes and drawers. Storage drawers should be clearly labelled with their contents so that items may be retrieved with a minimum of handling.

Barbie: Independent Woman or Damaging American Icon? Essays -- Argumen

Barbie: Independent Woman or Damaging American Icon? She's the classic American beauty, the woman we all dreamed of being at one point in our lives. She has long, tanned legs, cascades of blonde curls and has such perky breasts that she doesn't even need a bra. Although this character does not need air to breathe and is made of plastic, she has been one of America's most potent icons for more than 40 years and has affected girls in ways even human models aren't capable of. With 250 million Barbies in existence in the United States alone, there are more Barbies than there are people in the United States (Green 339). Barbie is adored by 8-year-old girls, collected by baby-boomer moms, and despised by feminists. No one can deny Barbie's unmistakable popularity. I myself am still the owner of 10-12 well-worn Barbie dolls. They are the outcome of much begging and pleading with my parents and their many unsuccessful attempts at getting me to stop sucking my thumb. Barbie was fascinating to me because she was a woman, not a baby like my other dolls. My sister and I spent hours creating complex "grown-up" scenarios with Barbie and her counterparts. Although I have fond memories of those afternoons of make-believe, I am now a more consciences adult aware of Barbie's shortcomings as such a powerful cultural icon. Although some people would call Barbie a feminist due to her multiple careers and her independent, fun-loving personality, I now see that Barbie’s unrealistic body size, her association with consumerism, and her potent sexuality make her a negative and harmful American icon. Barbie was conceived in 1959 by Ruth Handler (Green, A. 1/2). While on vacation in Germany, Ruth found a novelty d... ...rth Island Journal 11:4 (1996). Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 3 Mar. 2001. Matheny, Krista. "Many Women Believe Barbie Damages Society." Murray State News U-Wire 18 Feb. 2000. <www.sam.com/article> McConnell, Tandy, ed. American Decades: 1990-1999. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2001. Prager, Emily. "Our Barbies, Ourselves." Signs of Life in the U.S.A.: Readings on Popular Culture For Writers. 3rd Ed. Maasik, Sonia and Jack Solomon. Boston: Bedford, 2000. 706-709. Robertson, Virginia. "Special Report on Reaching Girls: What Barbie Says About Girls." Aug. 1997. Kidscreen: About Reaching Children Through Entertainment <www.kidscreen.com/articles/ks15997.asp> "The Culture of Beauty." Diabetes Forcast Jul 1995. Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 3 Mar. 2001. Barbie: Independent Woman or Damaging American Icon? Essays -- Argumen Barbie: Independent Woman or Damaging American Icon? She's the classic American beauty, the woman we all dreamed of being at one point in our lives. She has long, tanned legs, cascades of blonde curls and has such perky breasts that she doesn't even need a bra. Although this character does not need air to breathe and is made of plastic, she has been one of America's most potent icons for more than 40 years and has affected girls in ways even human models aren't capable of. With 250 million Barbies in existence in the United States alone, there are more Barbies than there are people in the United States (Green 339). Barbie is adored by 8-year-old girls, collected by baby-boomer moms, and despised by feminists. No one can deny Barbie's unmistakable popularity. I myself am still the owner of 10-12 well-worn Barbie dolls. They are the outcome of much begging and pleading with my parents and their many unsuccessful attempts at getting me to stop sucking my thumb. Barbie was fascinating to me because she was a woman, not a baby like my other dolls. My sister and I spent hours creating complex "grown-up" scenarios with Barbie and her counterparts. Although I have fond memories of those afternoons of make-believe, I am now a more consciences adult aware of Barbie's shortcomings as such a powerful cultural icon. Although some people would call Barbie a feminist due to her multiple careers and her independent, fun-loving personality, I now see that Barbie’s unrealistic body size, her association with consumerism, and her potent sexuality make her a negative and harmful American icon. Barbie was conceived in 1959 by Ruth Handler (Green, A. 1/2). While on vacation in Germany, Ruth found a novelty d... ...rth Island Journal 11:4 (1996). Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 3 Mar. 2001. Matheny, Krista. "Many Women Believe Barbie Damages Society." Murray State News U-Wire 18 Feb. 2000. <www.sam.com/article> McConnell, Tandy, ed. American Decades: 1990-1999. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2001. Prager, Emily. "Our Barbies, Ourselves." Signs of Life in the U.S.A.: Readings on Popular Culture For Writers. 3rd Ed. Maasik, Sonia and Jack Solomon. Boston: Bedford, 2000. 706-709. Robertson, Virginia. "Special Report on Reaching Girls: What Barbie Says About Girls." Aug. 1997. Kidscreen: About Reaching Children Through Entertainment <www.kidscreen.com/articles/ks15997.asp> "The Culture of Beauty." Diabetes Forcast Jul 1995. Academic Search Elite. Palni SiteSearch. Goshen College Good Library. 3 Mar. 2001.

Equal Pay :: essays research papers

Mike K. Essay on equal pay in the work place. In 1963, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, making it unlawful to discriminate against a worker on the basis of sex. Since that time, the wage gap between men and women in the United States has narrowed by just 15 cents, now being 74 cents, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau. Pay equality is most prevalent for the 16 to 24 age group, in which women earn more than 90 percent of what men do; however, the gap becomes 75 percent in the 25 to 54 year old group – those at the height of their careers and life responsibilities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A number of factors have contributed to the gap between men’s and women’s wages. These include: occupational segregation of women into low paying jobs; lower levels of unionization for women and attitudinal barriers that have kept women from achieving equality in the workplace and undervaluation for women’s work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Equal Pay Act (part of the Fair Labor Standards Act), forbids employers to compensate women differently for jobs that are â€Å"substantially equal†, that is, almost identical. Traditionally, women have worked in different occupations than men; these occupations tend to be substantially different, pay less and confer less authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Equity means fairness and justice. Pay equity programs throughout the world attempt to legislate and regulate the elimination of systemic gender-based wage discrimination and to ensure ongoing systems that will maintain equitable wage relationships over time. Pay equity programs attempt to address the undervaluation for work traditionally or historically done by women. Pay equity (also referred to as â€Å"comparable worth†) programs require a gender-neutral analysis of comparative work. A variety of very different jobs are compared based on a composite of the skill, effort and responsibility of a job and the conditions under which the job is generally done. The comparison determines the relative worth of those jobs to the achievement of a firm’s objectives, under the proposition that equal contribution merits equal compensation. Where female-dominated jobs in the workplace are found to be of equal or comparable value to male-dominated jobs but paid below the level of the male jobs or payline, then all employees in those female-dominated jobs are entitled to receive pay equity adjustments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But how are these adjustments to be determined in a workplace that already subjectively undervalues the effort and contribution of women and minorities?

Firing an Employee

Week One Assignment Terrence Rice In any situation when it comes to a supervision position it takes face to face communication with the employee. From previous experience I have done all the things described in the assignment. There was an employee named David I had to terminate because of cutbacks in the company. Here is how I handled that situation; David can you come to my office please? When he arrived I told him, you remember in the staff meeting we discussed how many jobs were going to be cut from the company and it would go by hire date.So your number came up during the time frame so due to company policy I have to give you your pink slip take it to the unemployment office and you can get your unemployment. I also remember when the economy was in good shape and I welcomed David to the company. Jennifer the main secretary presented him to me and I said, Welcome to R & R transportation, my name is Terrence Rice and I am your supervisor.David paused as I held my hand out as we sh ook hands I told him what he was responsible for and how we did things. I personally trained him and released him to be on his own. When they told us the company was selling out to another company I wrote due to the process the company is going through and my disagreement with the process I must submit my two week notice and advise the owners of my resignation effective Oct. 12th, 2002.

“300” Compare/Contrast Essay Essay

In this essay, I am going to compare and contrast three significant events in the film of 300. First, I will discuss the events leading up to the historical battle at Thermopylae. Then, I will compare the movie version battles at Thermopylae with historical accounts. Finally, I will contrast events after Thermopylae between the movie and actual history. As I recall, when I saw the movie several months ago (it’s not available for reviewing again from Blockbuster until July 31, 2007), the most significant event before the great battle was the visit of the Persian diplomats to King Leonidas offering him and his family great wealth and position with no one getting killed in a needless war, if he would only submit to Xerxes as ruler of a new Persian-Grecian Empire. When Leonidas and his outspoken wife asked them about the preservation of the Greek way of life, that is, freedom and democracy, the offer quickly turned into a threat, the threat of total destruction for Greek culture and a life of slavery for any Greek survivors. When the diplomats scolded the wife of Leonidas for interrupting their â€Å"man-to-man† talk with her criticisms, Leonidas became so furious that these strangers came into a king’s home, insulted his queen, that he threw them down to their death in a large, very, very deep well. There is no historical account that this is the way it really happened. But I think is was probably a good guess by Hollywood how negotiations may have gone except for the killings. I believe that was Hollywood overkill. It is historical fact that the Spartan woman was the most highly respected, independent woman in all the Greek city-states, but diplomats do not usually get murdered over verbal disagreements. After all, they only carry the message. They do not make policy. If these messengers don’t come back alive, they won’t be sent. They were a very important means of communication between armies in those days. In most cases, just the presence of the Persian million-man army scared the invaded city or country into surrendering or face certain defeat from so many soldiers. The basic movie is about two opposing armies, the Persians against the Greeks (led by 300 Spartans), meeting at the pass at Thermopylae to determine whether Greece would survive as the only democracy on earth or be conquered by the great Persian Empire expanding into Europe. On the Persian side,  their army had hundreds of thousands of soldiers ready to fight. On the Greek side, they only had approximately 1500 to defend the pass but, only when Leonidas knew for sure that he would be surrounded and that defeat was likely, he sent them all back to safety except for himself and 300 of his best Spartan warriors to defend the pass and slow down the Persian invasion while other Greek armies were being organized. I believe that this movie is quite accurate according to the historical events that took place during the time of 480 B.C. However, I think some events in the movie are not accurate such as all of those mystical-looking creatures that supposedly existed back then and used in tim es of war. This was bordering more on fantasy to make the movie more appealing to a younger audience instead of just those who follow history. The part of the movie which I think is accurate is Sparta’s army being very strong and disciplined. The Spartans had a good strong leader in Leonidas, constant combat training since they were children, and had superior weapons that were a part of them. The Persians, on the other hand, had many soldiers but there weapons and lack of armor were lighter because of the long distances the Persians had to travel to get to Greece. The movie showed the Spartans to have superior weaponry such as longer spears to resist charges, shorter swords for quick strokes during close-in combat to cut through Persian wicker-type shields, larger metal shields to deflect sword and arrow attacks. This is very accurate, historically. The movie also showed the Spartans to be very muscular and in top physical shape. Again, this is true because the Spartan child (if he was not abandoned in the hillside for being physically defective at birth) would be taken from his home at the age of seven to lead a very hard, military lifestyle until he was tweny-one years old, at which time he would go into the army as a fully trained soldier ready to do battle for the glory of Sparta. I think the movie was pretty much basically over after the battle of Thermopylae was done but, historically, this battle, even though it was a loss, was only the beginning of the Greek victory over Persia. Once word got back to other Greek city-states, it so inspired them to unite as one Greek nation to defend their freedom and culture as the Spartans had defended it, to the death. The Athenian navy finished off the Persian navy at the   of Salamis and destroyed the only way the Persians could have supplied their army if Persia was to hold conquered territory. Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300_the_movie300 The movie, by Warner Bros.

Madame Butterfly

Ali Appelbaum WGST 199-01 Professor Uman March 16, 2008 Society puts a strong focus on individuals who experience the act of cross-dressing to create an identity for themselves. The act of cross-dressing helps a person to feel comfortable with themselves because they are able to gain a sense of independence, confidence, and individuality. In the play M. Butterfly, by David Henry Hwang, constructing an identity is made through the character Song. By looking at Song’s appearance in M. Butterfly, we can see that clothing and disguise constructs an identity. The play, M. Butterfly uses the character Song to show the audience how cross-dressing is common, and can make one’s personality. Song cross-dresses from an Asian male, to an Asian female. Throughout the play Song plays the role of a female but expresses herself in a more confident, and independent way as an Asian female. This is because Song has had a gender cross to a women, she is able to demonstrate these qualities in her new identity she has formed. M. Butterfly is about a French diplomat, Gallimard and his love attraction for Song. Gallimard feels as though he’s never been in love, and has a hard time relating to women, until Song comes along. Song, playing the romantic role of Gallimard’s lover takes charge without Gallimard realizing a male was really wooing him the whole time. Song possesses traits of a female, which gives her confidence to pursue her relationship with Gallimard until he’s fallen in love. In the end, Song reveals herself for the man she is, but continues to act with more confidence and independence as a woman than as a man. In the play, you can see that disguise constructs an identity through the character Song. During a scene, Gallimard comments on Song’s feminine appearance and the other women he see’s in China. Song responds to Gallimard, â€Å"Please. Hard as I try to be modern, to speak like a man, to hold a Western woman’s strong face up to my own†¦ in the end, I fail. A small, frightened heart beats too quickly and gives me away. Monsieur Gallimard, I’m a Chinese girl. I’ve never†¦ never invited a man up to my flat before. The forwardness of my actions makes my skin burn† (1. 11 Hwang). This quotes shows that Song posses traits as a female and is proud. Although Song is a male, he has built himself a female identity from disguise. Confidence is expressed in Song’s remarks by telling in conversation how she believes she is more knowledgeable than Gallimard. Song also makes sure notice is taken of her delicate and pretty appearance. Song remarks back to Gallimard, â€Å"Your history serves you poorly, Monsieur Gallimard. True, there were signs reading â€Å"No dogs and Chinamen. But a woman, especially a delicate Oriental woman—we always go where we please. Could you imagine it otherwise? Clubs in China filled with pasty, big-thighed white women, while thousands of slender lotus blossoms wait just outside the door? The clubs would be empty. We have always held a certain fascination for you Caucasian men, have we not? (2. 4 Hwang). Song has shown to her audience that she has a strong confidence about the female body and face. She explains to Gallimard that her new identity, a delicate Oriental woman, is always welcomed in society. Song also feels a sense of power because although she is a man working for the Chinese government, she feels comfortable in her feminine identity. A conversation between Song and her advisor Comrade Chin demonstrates how Song has created has created an identity for herself in disguise. When Song is in quarters where she can act like man, she still acts in a feminine order, rather than a masculine tone. Chin asks Song, â€Å"†¦Is that home come you dress like that? † (2. 4 Hwang). Song responds by saying, â€Å"Like what, Miss Chin? † (2. Hwang). Chin remarks with what he believes is reality by saying, â€Å"Like that dress! You’re wearing a dress. And every time I come here, you’re wearing a dress. Is that because you’re an actor? Or what? † (2. 4 Hwang). Song reveals her identity by saying, â€Å"It’s a†¦ disguise, Miss Chin† (2. 4 Hwang). This conversation between Comrade Chin and Song shows the audience that Song is aware of the fact that she is a male, but possesses more of an interest in the feminine personality and ways of life because she is more confident.

Tissue Donations

There are thousands of burn victims awaiting donations of human tissue to help meet critical needs in reconstructive surgery. My current case #49 regards the selling of human tissue donations. It’s a complicated situation where a few medical centers have acquired a partnership with a biotechnological company called Ardias Corporation. Ardias wants to create a tissue bank to help facilitate researchers with disease-specific tissue that will provide a link to accurate genetic sequence with diseases such as cancer. Ardias plans to supply a standard plan and, prior to surgery, patients will be asked if they would like to donate tissue samples. Surgeons will not be notified of consents and the patients will be securely protected of all information. Hospitals will sell the tissue to Ardias then in turn, Ardias will sell the patient information to biomedical researchers. The selling of human tissue is an ethical practice because it can facilitate better diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases. Human tissue plays an important role in medicine. They are used to help diagnose illness and to treat conditions. For example, a specific tissue such as bone marrow is transplanted into patients suffering from leukemia. In addition, companies such as â€Å"livestrong  Ã¢â‚¬  and the â€Å"Susan G.  Komen Foundation† do support the selling of human tissue. They generally state that it makes it possible for better drug development to help cancer patients. â€Å"Since we will all die someday, thinking about how we want our remains to be handled is something we should consider† (Comparini, 2003). Curing diseases is vital for anyone who has one. In the article I read it talks about the difference it has made and how you can go about the whole process of donating your tissue. This gives thousands of people the opportunity to heal or have some type of reconstructive surgery to improve their appearance and give them life again. Medicine has come along way and more people are living longer. In essence donating tissue can do the exact same thing. Another fascinating thing about donating tissue is that it contributes to the Human Genome Project (HGP). â€Å"HGP is the international, collaborative research program whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings† (An overview of the human genome project, 2010). This gives us an idea or where our ancestry immigrated from and possibly what other nationalities we could be related to. They have two sources of how they receive their human tissue. One is through a surgical procedure and the other is through postmortem patients. HGP is a â€Å"transformative textbook of medicine, with insights that will give health care providers immense new powers to treat, prevent and cure disease. â€Å"(An overview of the human genome project, 2010) Surprisingly you wouldn’t expect that human tissue would play a big role in the program. One of the most interesting things about the DNA mapping of human beings is the fact that we are all unique individuals, yet we are so much alike. Human beings turn out to be over 99. 99% the same. An overview of the human genome project, 2010). All the millions of genes that make up the genetic code of each person on earth the things that make us different are less than 1% of 1% of the genes. (An overview of the human genome project, 2010). It is interesting to see what DNA can tell us. HGP is good because of the information it provides for us an entire human species. This project has direct impact on individuals with genetic causes of mental retardation and specific diseases. With it, scientists can study genes that control the way we develop or cause disease. In essence the selling of human tissue is an innovative way to produce medicine and treatments. It’s a profitable corporation where everyone is happy even the donor knowing they made an effort to help another person with a chance at life. Like I mentioned earlier there are people awaiting and praying they receive human tissues to reconstruct third degree burns that may cover up seventy to ninety percent o there entire body. This is definitely an ethical practice and should be taken more into consideration because it helps out tremendously. References http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/transplants/about.html http://www.genome.gov/12011238

Measurement Scales Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Measurement Scales - Research Paper Example The scale is often employed in labelling variables that lack any quantitative value such as the human gender, which fundamentally presents itself in two forms that is the male and female (Kendall et al, 2012). Additionally, nominal scales are used while placing data into categories without adhering to any order or structure. Physical examples of a nominal scale are the terms used for colors, as the underlying spectrum normally appear ordered while the names are nominal. Nominal scales are suitable for use in questionnaires, as they enable the parties involved to classify all the variables into specific groupings. At the same time, nominal scales make it easier for the researchers to analyze the collected data given that the information can be totaled. The example below demonstrates how a nominal scale can be used in a questionnaire. An ordinal scale is a feature of measurement that is used to determine non-numeric conceptions such as contentment, delight and discomfort. Under ordinal scales, the order of the values in question are the most important, implying that less significance is accorded to the difference between the variables (Aaker, 2010). Researchers have overtime reaffirmed the fact that the variables within an ordinal scale are easy to comprehend notably because they adhere to the order in which they appear. In like manner, it is far-reaching to note that the ideal way to determine the central tendency of a set of ordinal data is by using both the mode and median values and not the mean. Ordinal scales are normally used when analyzing data derived from questionnaires majorly because they ease the process of classification. Similarly, ordinal scales imply rank ordering as validated in the portion below. The term interval refers to the difference between two values. Interval scales are hence defined as the numeric scales that indicate both the

Judgement analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Judgement analysis paper - Essay Example The key message of the book is that leaders are basically assessed by the quality of judgment they make throughout their occupation. It is always thought that judgment is something that cannot be learnt rather it is advocated to evolve over time. However, Tichy and Bennis have found method to assist leaders to improve their capability to make effective judgment. They also have articulated leadership judgment as a simple and understandable procedure. Leaders at every organizational level make judgment regarding employees, strategy and crisis situation. Tichy and Bennis demonstrated the type of knowledge required in order to make successful decision and how leaders can effectively use such knowledge in order to execute the judgments (Tichy and Bennis 1-285). In the first chapter, the authors proclaimed that effective leaders not only make better decisions but they are also capable of making the appropriate judgment. Effective leaders are those who are better at entire judgment procedure that starts from observing the requirement for an appeal of judgment, to framing the organizational issues, to figuring out the serious ones and to organizing as well as stimulating the teams towards accomplishing the organizational goal. Tichy and Bennis in their book have stated that there is a framework containing three crucial areas within which every judgment are made. Among various other judgments, the decision regarding people are most critical than decisions taken regarding strategy or on any crisis situation. The authors stated that effective judgment is a procedure rather than an event. Every judgment starts when a leader identify the requirement of taking decision and frame them accordingly. The procedures of making judgment continue through e xecution and alteration phases. The authors also stressed the significance of acquiring sufficient

Forign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Forign Policy - Essay Example In it, the study text will formulate the US foreign policy in the 21st century, which is a fast changing world. The US foreign policy is perceived of as highly liberalist, and this will be elaborated on, in addition to how the modern world makes it hard for the US to dominate the world, and why it is too late for it to withdraw from the system of world interaction. Finally, the study text will in it incorporate failures and milestones in the US foreign policies and from the emerging trend forecast the future of the US foreign policies. In Stepak & Whitlark (45-66) view, the role of the United States in the foreign policy context is fetched from the ancient eras of world politics, and particularly the days of Woodrow Wilson; that is in the period after World War II and the Cold War. Most foreign policy activists attest to it that following the events after the fall of the Soviet Union, especially those oriented to human rights, the order of world governance evolved, and America’s role in manning the system emerged, and with it expanded its obligations to the international community. Concisely, the norms of non-intervention and state sovereignty weakened with the virility of liberal interventionism, which was being largely campaigned for by the United Nations. By definition, liberal internationalism is the doctrine of foreign policy, which supports that liberal states have the mandate of intervening in other sovereign nationalities in pursuance of liberal objectives (Pugh 2). The liberal objectives in this case can refer to any form of freedom and equality. In the light of this, the liberal internationalism policy mode of intervention may be either military or humanitarian aid. This definition that would, however fit best at the onset of the twentieth century since in the contemporary definition as forced by issues, liberal internationalism is varying. According to Ikenberry (74-80), these changes can

Present the closing argument for the prosecution in the case of The Essay

Present the closing argument for the prosecution in the case of The Tell Tale Heart - Essay Example As he states this, he is quick to suggest to the officers that he is innocent despite there being no inquisition into this. It is evident at this point that he is directed by his guilty conscience. When the villain is presenting his thought in the event of planning to execute the move that would help him bring to a stop the evil eye, he argues that he had no problem with the old man when he says, â€Å"True enough. The old man had never done me harm. But he had this one sickly eye. It was like the eye of a vulture†¦.† (Edgar 12) . How is this possible if yet the eye was part of this old man? I suppose the villain is playing psychologist to find a reason to claim innocence and ignorance of the ultimate ending. It beats logic to show pity to one you claim is a source of your curse. In this the villain claims the old man has a vulture like eye that causes a chill deep down his bones, for the reason that it had something in hiding. It is most certain that the villain simply uses this as an excuse to achieve his goal. When the villain plans to commit the crime, he does it in the dark, and he is fully aware that he needs a lantern light that will help him see what he does and how he does it. And this is done stealthily which he knows well that is the only way to avoid the attention of the old man that has always been so sensitive in his sleep. He speaks of adjusting the lantern just to produce a single ray of light so as to strike directly into the old man’s â€Å"evil eye† when he says, â€Å"†¦And then I shone my light, a single beam, upon THE EYE.† (Edgar 13) This, remember is done in the dark. A falsification of this statement is by the fact that the villain claims to clearly or instinctively shine the single ray of light into the old man’s evil eye. As this is done, the old man kind of goes into a shock; a condition that enables the villain do his action with much ease as the old man is unaware of what happens from this point. Once

Marketing Concentration within Extended Academic Programs (EAP) PowerPoint Presentation

Marketing Concentration within Extended Academic Programs (EAP) - PowerPoint Presentation Example This university offers a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) program through its EAP program. This BSBA has seven courses: accounting, banking and finance, General Business, marketing, information systems, international business, and management. The major marketing concentration this institution offers is the ‘General’ specialization. The other four concentrations are; Data mining and social marketing, healthcare marketing, call center/CRM and tourism/Sport. Due to the dynamic nature of today’s marketing environment, most universities and students are searching for courses and specializations that will assure them of immediate placements in the job market. Most of the concentrations in the Marketing specializations were designed to meet the dynamic and ever changing needs of the economy. Specializations like healthcare marketing; a rare and unique combination, was seen necessary to meet the needs of the dynamic healthcare environment due to the n umerous reforms that have been seen. Due to these facts, this paper provides a feasibility study that assesses UIW EAP’s ability and viability to offer healthcare marketing specialization within its BSBA Program. ... This paper provides a feasibility study assessing UIW EAP’s ability and viability to offer healthcare marketing specialization within its BSBA Program. Healthcare Marketing Healthcare marketing has provided an avenue through which advancements in health-protecting services like insurance and medicine can be widely known (Fortenberry, 2010). The current shift of provision of healthcare information from provider-dominated to patient-directed makes healthcare marketing a necessity in today’s world. According to Fortenberry (2011), success strategies in healthcare have their roots in result-based healthcare marketing (p. 87). Healthcare marketing provides an effective avenue through which healthcare entities can promote themselves through utilizing a variety of methods to entice their customers to purchase and consume their health products. In this information frenzy age, majority of people can self-diagnose themselves, a strategy which helps to reduce the strain on healthc are institutions (Vitberg, 2006). In this respect healthcare marketing is a necessity in this present age. Concerning UIW EAP’s ability and viability of offering healthcare marketing on top of its current general marketing concentration, the following aspects were realized. These facts were obtained from; interviews conducted where the students and lectures were involved, job searches, empirical research and through analysis of data within the city of San Antonio. Realization of Market Issues a. Likelihood of Finding a Job Of the specializations in marketing that is; data mining and social marketing, healthcare marketing, call center/CRM, general and tourism/Sport; healthcare marketing and tourism/sport marketing majors, offers high chances for undergraduates to find jobs in

INTEREIM PROJECT REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INTEREIM PROJECT REPORT - Essay Example Wakelyn (49) asserts that the report gives summarized initial findings of the second assessment of the interim project report which aims at exploring the benefits of the occupational & health safety management. The project helps the students to apply the management theories to organizational settings such as a business to ensure the swift running of its activities as asserted by Ares (67). The assessment also assists students in applying the management skills in resolving around a management issue. This is done through effective communication within the workplace which ensures an environment which nurtures business opportunity among the students (Schwartz 13). Therefore, an interim manager is a person who provides temporary managerial support usually to an executive level of an organization or business and who also leads in achieving its objectives (Kahlmeter 17). The interim management helps an organization surpass a trouble which might need extra management resources to control the crisis or transformation in the direction of management. There is a series of test for example clinical trials that can be used to tests and determine the managerial skills in project research and development in order to come up with individuals who are able to generate safety and efficacy in the project report. According to Kahlmeter (20), the interim project report provides an opportunity to present the details of the running of the project. This demonstrates the integration of the project management theory in planning stages (Christensen 343). This report gives a setailed of a number of assessments that was done during the implementation of the project especially on occupational and health safety management. The report also is a detailed interim of relationships of activities in the Jim’s company company business such as cleaning background, job functions and safety medical management among others.This report is presented in the business format which is submitted to the m anagement team of the organization. The report also varies according to the nature of the project but the report encompasses the following: Scope statement Meyers et al (10) have it that scope statement depends on the type of project being implemented and also the nature of the organization and it normally takes many forms. The scope statement normally gives details of the project and it also describes the major objectives of the projects. This is the part of the project report that captures the broader terms and the narrower terms of the products of the project (Schwartz 19). The objectives stated here should have a measurable success criterion that will help in the realization of the project’s goals. This part of the interim report normally contains a list of users of the products and the features of the products to be introduced in the market which the business produces (Meyers et al 19). The scope statement of the interim project report contain the project name, the proje ct charter, the project owner, sponsors, stakeholders, the problem statement, the project goals, objectives and among other project requirements. The scope also states

Child developmental Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child developmental Psychology - Essay Example One glass was tall and skinny and the other was short and fat. I filled both glasses with chocolate milk, pouring more milk into the short fat glass. Then I gave the tall skinny glass to Christopher and placed the short fat glass in front of myself. Before allowing him to drink, I asked him, "Who has more milk, you or me" He eyed the glasses and then confidently said, "I do," referring to his tall skinny glass of milk, whose height of milk was taller than that seen in my short fat glass. I urged him to take a second look at the glasses of milk by asking, "Are you sure" He furrowed his brow and eyed the glasses once again. "Well," he said, "maybe there's more in your glass, since it's wider." I continued with the lesson by placing another short fat glass on the table and asked Christopher to pour his tall skinny glass of milk into the empty glass to find out who really does have more chocolate milk. He slowly poured his glass of milk into the empty short fat glass. Once he was done pouring, he bent down so he was at eye level with the milk levels of the glasses. His eyes widened and he said, "Your glass had more than mine!" Christopher showed classic signs of Piaget's pre-operational stage of cognitive development.

Rebellion or Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rebellion or Revolution - Essay Example In this paper I will take a specific position on the two concepts and aim to define each one of them. There have been numerous revolution and rebellions in the past. There has been confusion to some extent in terming an event a rebellion or a revolution. Numerous authors, researchers, historians, have all tried to establish a difference between a rebellion and a revolution. In the following paragraphs I will attempt to establish the difference between the two by taking a specific position on each. In order to do so, I have fallen back on the work of other scholars and some real life examples from the past. First, I will define each of them individually and then try to establish the difference between the two. According to me, a rebellion is an act of protesting or defying the higher authority. In most cases rebellion is a protest or against an ideology, requirement or a restriction. Through a rebellion, an attempt is made at changing a part of a system (for example part of a governme nt). A rebellion is always associated with a negative attitude if not a destructive one. Rebellions lack a proper direction and in most cases lack an affirmative program. Rebellion in most cases is associated with violence. Brinkley (2010) in his article points how to rebellion attitude is associated with negative emotions. But a rebellion is not always violent and negative. But a rebellion is an aggressive attempt to walk away from the routine and the accepted. Rebellion is a fight against the flaws or loopholes in a system that is accepted by majority of the society. It is aimed at changing or refining a part of the system. Rebellion is not associated with majority of the population but is supported only by a few. Hence, the scale of a rebellion is small. A rebellion unlike the common belief can be both violent and non-violent. Example of violent rebellion is rebellion against the Gaddafi government in Libya. A very good example of a non-violent rebellion is the protest by Gandhi against the injustice SA against the Indians. This is very well depicted in the 1982 movie Gandhi (Gandhi, 1982). This is will addressed again later. A revolution on the other hand is much larger in scale and is aimed at overthrowing the entire system or bringing in a major change in the way a system works. A revolution is associated with a positive attitude and is supported by majority of the society. As a result of a revolution there is a fundamental change being brought about with respect to power in a system. Revolution is mainly associated with political change and is much shorter with respect to duration but on a much bigger scale than a rebellion. A revolution brings in a major reform and attracts huge support from different quarters of the society. World has seen numerous revolutions in the past which has resulted in a total change. A revolution can be both violent and non-violent but it is always associated with positive emotion. Russian revolution was a violent revolution which bought a major political change in Russia while the Indian independence movement was a non-violent revolution which got India freedom. Now that the definitions and concepts of the two have been established, let’s see how they are different from each other. To put in a simplest way, revolution is born put of a rebellion. Rebellion is on a smaller scale and is aimed at showing discontent about the system while revolution is aimed at completely overthrowing a system. Rebellion is a narrow domain while revolution is a much broader field. A rebellion becomes a revolution when it gains momentum and realize its capability to bring in change on a large scale. A rebellion can happen at a individual level and might consider individual interests or interests of a small section of the society. Rebellion attitudes are

Panera Bread Business Strategies Essay Example for Free

Panera Bread Business Strategies Essay â€Å"Thirty years ago, Ron Shaich set out to change the world by changing the way America eats. He’s done that with not one, but two successful restaurant brands. By co-founding Au Bon Pain, Co. Inc. and founding Pan-era Bread, Shaich shook up the industry by offering an antithesis to fast food – hand made, artisan food served in warm and welcoming environments by people you can trust. †(KANAI, 2012) This quote describes how Shaich and colleagues started to create their cafe bakery and change the way Americans eat. Pan-era was the first to come out with the calories on the menu board to ensure that Americans were aware of how healthy Pan-era was and the intention to re maim forthcoming about what was in the food we eat. Shaich and his colleagues did not follow the six step process they focused on the four areas food, setting, customers, and the workforce which made sense for capitalism. Shaich also thrived to make sure the customers and employees were well taken care of because they also played a big role in the success of Pan-era and lets not forget to acknowledge the community and their involvement in the success. Conscious Capitalism is an expression of how Shaich has found success in the restaurant industry if the whole society and corporate society would think of themselves as a corporation things would be better for everyone. Shaich is able to offer a word of advice if you were to get involved with conscious capitalism â€Å"Believe in yourself and why you got into it. Believe in those things that attracted you to the industry which makes a big difference in the lives of our guests. (ROMEO, 2012) For many years Pan-era has focused on the principal of conscious capitalism or what they like to call â€Å" enlightened -self interest† in two ways by delivering value to customers, vendors , employees, investors, and the community and to focus on a higher purpose above and beyond short term results. Meaning providing our customers with the artisan bread , delicious and nutritional food on a daily basis. Then Shaich and all his colleagues wanted to know how to challenge conscious capitalism and they figured out somethings that they are already doing like donating the day old bread to homeless.

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics: Coffee Filter Machine

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics: Coffee Filter Machine Background/IntroductionIn this assignment they are tasked to explain how an electric coffee filter machine works and its scientific process. they are also tasked to calculate the amount of power it uses and energy it needs to keep that coffee warm and its efficiency when its keeping it warm, which is important because if the coffee isnt very efficient and uses a lot of energy or a lot of heat can escape then it could lead to high energy prices just to keep coffee warm. Once the efficiency has been calculated they also need to find out how it can be improved further, they are required to at least focus on one element to improve its efficiency. This coffee machine works by holding the water you put in it in a reservoir, that water then goes down a hole in the reservoir and into an orange tube. This tube is used to carry the cold/room temperature water to the aluminium tubing which conducts the heat from the heating element through the warming plate which consists of a heat conductive grease that helps heat the water up. The heating element does this when its coiled wire heats up as electricity runs through it. This heating element has two purposes, one of which is initially heating the water up and its second purpose comes in a later process. The aluminium tube is connected to the white tube which carries that hot water up to the shower head. This white tube doesnt consist of a pump to carry the water up, instead the bubbles from the boiling water rise in the tube and carry the water up to the shower head and the machines one way valve allows the water to go up the tube without coming back down and into the reservoir. Once the hot water reaches the shower head, it gets evenly sprayed on to the coffee grounds, picks up the caffeol and gets poured into the coffee pot. Once the coffee has been brewed the second purpose of the heating element is keeping the coffee warm which has many advantages one of which is to keep it warm for other people in the house after you brewed your own.   [1] These coffee machines are very reliable but there is always a possibility of failure, although a few have easy fixes. One way the coffee machine can fail is when the switch or even its power cord stop working which can be repaired by a professional although can sometimes be expensive so it would be more cost effective to buy a new machine. Another way is that the one-way valve can get clogged up letting the water back down the tube or simply not letting the water through at all. An easy fix for this is by simply scooping out any debris with a small object such as a toothpick. The tubes can also get clogged up. A way to fix this would be by running a cycle with vinegar and then running 2 cycles of clean water to rid of any vinegar left in the machine. Fig 1. [2] Experiment AnalysisTo collect their results, they had to weigh a few things. They weighed the jug when it was empty, the jug when it was full and calculated how much the water weighed. They did their experiment by letting the coffee machine heat the water up until its finished, they then took the jug filled with hot water and measured the temperature change every 2 minutes. Here are their results for 12 cups: They decided to take the jug out of the coffee machine when measuring their results because then when they are to calculate the energy needed to keep the coffee warm, they minimise the chances of under calculating as the coffee machine only partially covers the jug so not as much heat would escape, taking the jug out allows us to check the maximum amount of heat that can escape over certain intervals. They see that the water started off at 83 degrees Celsius and went down to 66.8 degrees Celsius with the temperature changing roughly between 1-1.4 degrees Celsius every 2 minutes. For the experiment they used a scale for weighing the empty jug and the jug when it was filled with water. They also used an electronic thermometer to accurately measure water temperatures. A coffee machine was also used as the experiment couldnt be done without it to heat the water up. For 10, 8, 6 and 4 cups the method the exact same although less water was used, here are the results: 10 Cups Results: As you can see in the 10 cps results, there is a dramatic change in temperature in the first 2 minutes in comparison to the 12 cups results. 8 Cups Results: 6 Cups Results: 4 Cups Results: They can use the results from this experiment to calculate heat loss and the rate of heat loss. To calculate the heat loss (Q Units: -Joules) they take the mass of the water and multiply it by the specific heat capacity and then multiply it by the change in temperature (Q= m*Cp*ˆâ€  T). Then they did the rate of the heat loss ( units: ) which is mass of the water multiplied by the specific and then multiply it by the change of temperature and then divide it by the change of time ( = m*Cp*) Below are the calculations for each of the experiments: Amount of Water Heat Loss (Q) Rate of Heat Loss () 12 Cups 124563.25 J 69.20 10 Cups 136682.90 J 63.38 8 Cups 89264.75 J 49.59 6 Cups 89145.42 J 49.53 4 Cups 71119.88 J 39.51 Amount of Water Mass of Water 12 Cups 1.75 kg 10 Cups 1.46 kg 8 Cups 1.17 kg 6 Cups 0.91 kg 4 Cups 0.65 kg Costs: In the UK it currently costs 0.01174 pence per Watt per hour. To find how much it costs per second they have to divide that number by 3600. 0.01174/3600 = 3.261111111 x Js-1 To calculate how much it costs to keep the coffee hot they use their new cost per Watt per second and multiply it by the rate of heat loss () and then multiply it by 3600 to get the cost per hour to keep the coffee hot. Amount of Water Cost (Pence per Wh) 12 Cups 69.20 0.8124048 10 Cups 63.38 0.7440812 8 Cups 49.59 0.5821866 6 Cups 49.53 0.5814822 4 Cups 39.51 0.4638474 DiscussionBecause the coffee machine is an open and transient system, the coffee jug and reservoir is constantly losing heat the coffee machine needs to have good thermal insulation to prevent heat from escaping. One improvement that couldve been made to the results is use the equation for thermal resistance to calculate the rate of heat loss. By calculating the thermal resistance of the glass jug we can calculate how much heat escapes from it more accurately. The thermodynamics heat processes are conduction, convection and radiation. Mentioned in the background is how the heating element heats up the water through the warming plate, this happens by the process of conduction which is moving heat from a warm location to a cold location, the heat plate and from the heat plate to the aluminium tubing which heats the water up. In the analysis results, specifically for the 10 Cups, there was an anomaly in the first bit of data, the difference in temperature was very high in comparison to the others and this was due to human error. In the first 2 minutes the stopwatch mightve not been started at the correct time or there mightve been a problem when the temperature was being measured. One improvement that couldve been made to the coffee machine to increase its efficiency could be to redesign the coffee jug and manufacture it out of insulated metal to decrease heat loss but with a piece of glass down the middle of it so that you can still see how much coffee is left in the jug, doing this will ensure that less heat escapes the coffee jug, having a big impact on the cost to keep the coffee warm. References: [1]   Brain, M., Toothman, J. (2006, November 29). How coffee makers work. Retrieved February 2, 2017, from http://home.howstuffworks.com/coffee-maker.html [2]   Retrieved February 2, 2017, from http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/coffee-maker-17.jpg https://www.ukpower.co.uk/home_energy/tariffs-per-unit-kwh An early cam was built into Hellenistic water-driven automata from the 3rd century BC.[2] The camshaft was later described in Turkey (DiyarbakÄ ±r) by Al-Jazari in 1206. He employed it as part of his automata, water-raising machines, and water clocks such as the castle clock.[3] The cam and camshaft later appeared in European mechanism