Accounting Information System

Accounting Information System (AIS An  accounting information system  (AIS) is a system of collection, storage and processing of financial and  accounting   data that is used by  decision makers. accounting information system (AIS) consists of: – People – Procedures – Data – Software – Information technology infrastructure What important functions does the AIS perform in an organization? 1. It collects and stores data about activities and transactions. 2. It processes data into information that is useful for making decisions. 3.It provides adequate controls to safe-guard the organization’s assets. Uses of (AIS) * Producing External Reports * Supporting Routine Activities * Decision Support * Planning and Control * Implementing Internal Control Producing External Reports Businesses use (AIS) to produce special reports that follow a required structure established by organizations such as (FASB). These reports include financial stateme nts, tax returns, etc Supporting Routine Activities Managers need an (AIS) for handling routine operating activities during the firm’s operating cycle.Computer systems excel at handling repetitive transaction by many accounting software support these routine functions. Decision Support Information is needed for nonroutine decision support at all levels of an organization. Some information are critical for planning, deciding, marketing functions. Planning and Control An information system is required for planning and control activities as well. Historical data can be extracted from the database and used to forecast growth and cash flows. Planners can use data mining to reveal long-term trends and relationships.Implementing Internal Control Internal control includes the policies, procedures, and information system used to protect a company’s assets from loss and to maintain accurate financial data. It is possible to build controls into a computerized accounting informati on system to help reach these goals. Benefits AIS * Speed The main benefit of information systems in accounting is the speed of processing tasks. Data is entered once and can then be used and reused in compiling reports by literally pressing a button.If a transaction needs correction, it is easily done, with reports generated afterward at speeds never possible with manual accounting systems. * Classification When data is entered in an accounting system, manual or computerized, an accountant needs to classify it in a detailed fashion. For example, a transaction could be a sales revenue or an interest revenue. Using information systems, this classification process is easily accomplished with a drop-down menu from which you choose the proper category.You can also quickly generate reports involving classifications. With a manual system, this process takes much more time. * Safety Once data is entered into a computer, it is safe. The chances of losing data are remote, especially when you perform regular system backups. In manual systems, paper pads can be lost or damaged more easily. You can save data on the Internet, where it will not only be accessible anytime you need it but will also still be secure even if your computer is lost or damaged. One disadvantage of Accounting Information SystemOne disadvantage of Accounting Information System is that this system cannot identify any future loss or wrong transaction entry. As we know that computer is a machine, and it cannot do any activity itself. Therefore, computer cannot give any advice or warning. However, accountants in business are capable to estimate any future loss on the basis of their knowledge and experience. Due to this disadvantage it is important and wise for small and mid-size businesses to have some accountants in their business on permanent basis to avoid future losses. Accounting Information System Accounting Information System (AIS An  accounting information system  (AIS) is a system of collection, storage and processing of financial and  accounting   data that is used by  decision makers. accounting information system (AIS) consists of: – People – Procedures – Data – Software – Information technology infrastructure What important functions does the AIS perform in an organization? 1. It collects and stores data about activities and transactions. 2. It processes data into information that is useful for making decisions. 3.It provides adequate controls to safe-guard the organization’s assets. Uses of (AIS) * Producing External Reports * Supporting Routine Activities * Decision Support * Planning and Control * Implementing Internal Control Producing External Reports Businesses use (AIS) to produce special reports that follow a required structure established by organizations such as (FASB). These reports include financial stateme nts, tax returns, etc Supporting Routine Activities Managers need an (AIS) for handling routine operating activities during the firm’s operating cycle.Computer systems excel at handling repetitive transaction by many accounting software support these routine functions. Decision Support Information is needed for nonroutine decision support at all levels of an organization. Some information are critical for planning, deciding, marketing functions. Planning and Control An information system is required for planning and control activities as well. Historical data can be extracted from the database and used to forecast growth and cash flows. Planners can use data mining to reveal long-term trends and relationships.Implementing Internal Control Internal control includes the policies, procedures, and information system used to protect a company’s assets from loss and to maintain accurate financial data. It is possible to build controls into a computerized accounting informati on system to help reach these goals. Benefits AIS * Speed The main benefit of information systems in accounting is the speed of processing tasks. Data is entered once and can then be used and reused in compiling reports by literally pressing a button.If a transaction needs correction, it is easily done, with reports generated afterward at speeds never possible with manual accounting systems. * Classification When data is entered in an accounting system, manual or computerized, an accountant needs to classify it in a detailed fashion. For example, a transaction could be a sales revenue or an interest revenue. Using information systems, this classification process is easily accomplished with a drop-down menu from which you choose the proper category.You can also quickly generate reports involving classifications. With a manual system, this process takes much more time. * Safety Once data is entered into a computer, it is safe. The chances of losing data are remote, especially when you perform regular system backups. In manual systems, paper pads can be lost or damaged more easily. You can save data on the Internet, where it will not only be accessible anytime you need it but will also still be secure even if your computer is lost or damaged. One disadvantage of Accounting Information SystemOne disadvantage of Accounting Information System is that this system cannot identify any future loss or wrong transaction entry. As we know that computer is a machine, and it cannot do any activity itself. Therefore, computer cannot give any advice or warning. However, accountants in business are capable to estimate any future loss on the basis of their knowledge and experience. Due to this disadvantage it is important and wise for small and mid-size businesses to have some accountants in their business on permanent basis to avoid future losses.

An Overview Of Learning Three Theoretical Perspectives Education Essay

There are countless positions on the acquisition procedure, understanding the mechanisms of and our apprehension of larning as theory and the practical application of methodological analysis has evolved well over clip. Each theory contributes to our apprehension of how scholars integrate information and experiences from their environment. This has deductions for single growing and besides for institutional policy and pattern. In this paper I will reexamine three theoretical positions on acquisition, viz. the Constructivist/Cognitivist position, the Phenomenographic position, and the Socio-cultural position, I will depict the salient characteristics and features of each theory, and compare the similarities and differences across positions. This will include a treatment of how learners entree information, make sense of that information, and act on it in deliberate and purposeful ways as a agency of prosecuting with the universe. From there I will look into what these larning theories emphasize or give relevancy to the constructs of context, significance, and experience. The assorted positions each have something to state about the relationship between context, significance, and experience as they relate to acquisition, nevertheless the importance of these nucleus constructs differs in how each theory conceptualizes acquisition, and the importance of the function of context, significance, and experience. Finally, I will reason with illustrations that bring these positions to life in my mundane experience, and I will adhere these theories together within a cohesive apprehension of acquisition and instruction as it relates to the interrelatedness of the constructs of intrinsic motive, fluctuation, and transportation.Three theoretical positions on larningThere are legion theories of acquisition, each stressing a peculiar characteristic of the learning experience. Assorted theories of larning besides depict larning in different ways depending on the point of view of the perceiver. Each theory emphasizes thoughts related to context, significance, and experience in different ways as they relate to acquisition, both from the position of the scholar and from the instructor/teacher/coach/mentor.Constructivist/Cognitivist Perspectiveâ€Å" Objectivity is the psychotic belief that observations could bemade without an perceiver † ( von Foerster, 1995, pg. 5 )The Constructivist theoretical orientation holds that cognition is acquired experientially, is mediated by our anterior apprehension, and is based on the belief that we learn by making instead than detecting, and that cognition is built upon old acquisition. â€Å" The indispensable nucleus of constructivism is that scholars actively construct their ain cognition and intending from their experiences ( Doolittle, pg 1 ) Piaget was chiefly concerned with cognitive buildings that occurred as a consequence of interactions with†¦ Constructivism emerged from early surveies of acquisition, behavior, and depth psychology, and the behavioral point of views of Watson, along with Kohler and Koffka ‘s Gestalt psychological science. ( Tools pg. 7 ) Constructivism as theoretical apprehension exists along a continuum from â€Å" weak † to â€Å" strong † signifiers constructivism This is an adaptative procedure whereby behaviors evolve to run into the altering demands of the environment, and knowledge serves to makes sense of subjective experience. ( Doolittle, 1999, 1 ) Constructivism emerged from schools of behaviorism and objectivism, which held that there was a cognizable nonsubjective world that existed independent of the person. Constructivism takes the position that meaningful personal experience is the footing of cognition and acquisition. Persons construct intending within a context of personal experience that is rooted in linguistic communication, civilization, and the societal experiences of each person. There can be no objectively verifiable truth or cognition within constructivism, as each single brings a alone position grounded in their ain old cognizing. Much of this cognition is silent and resides in the inexplicit memory of the scholar, but it exerts its influence and acts as a filter through which the person â€Å" sees † new information and relates it to their apprehension of the universe. Knowledge and therefore acquisition is constructed within the head of the person. Constructivism rejects the impression of an nonsubjective and cognizable world independent of the perceiver, and holds that cognition of the universe is constructed through the active cognitizing on the portion of persons. Constructivism rejects the impression of an oberver-independent universe in favor of cognition reflecting the subjective worlds of the perceiver. ( Glaserfeld, 1989, p. 3 ) Knowledge is non a representation of world, but alternatively a â€Å" aggregation of conceptual constructions that turn out to be adapted or, as I would manner, feasible within the cognizing topic ‘s scope of experience. ( Glaserfeld, 1989, p. 4 ) Within Cognitive constructivism ( account of strategy theory, accomodation, assimilation ) . Cognitive constructivism adheres to theoretical accounts of cognition building that consider the function of memory, cognitive concepts, and scheme without sing to the full the subjective nature of cognition as occupant within the head of the topic. Knowledge in this sense implies an internal representation that accurately reflects an observer-independent external world. ( Doolittle, 1999, 2 ) Extremist constructivism differs from cognitive constructivism by progressing the thought that larning is an adaptative procedure, and that it is observer-dependent and resides in a fluid and dynamic knowledge that considers the subjective experience of cognition building. Extremist constructivism, like societal constructivism, besides accepts societal interactions as informing cognition building. Social constructivism takes the position that societal interactions contribute to cognize, and views the societal and cultural context as grounding cognition â€Å" to a specific clip and topographic point. ( doolittle pg 4 ) These assorted positions exist on a continuum, nevertheless the most cardinal apprehensions are shared. We all hold memories of old experiences ; those collected memories and experiences, both tacit and explicit, go the lens through which we view our current unfolding world. Emerging grounds within the kingdom of neuroscience and interpersonal neurobiology may foretell farther homogenisation of constructivist doctrine and apprehension. Interpersonal neurobiology views the encephalon as a societal organ built through experience. This insight displacements Cognitive Constructivism farther along the continuum in the way of extremist and societal constructivism by imparting back uping grounds to the two staying epistemic dogmas, viz. that â€Å" knowledge organizes and makes sense of one ‘s experience, and that â€Å" knowing has roots in both biological/neurological building, and societal, cultural, and language-based interactions. † ( Doolittle, 1999 ) Learning is transactional, with experience act uponing cognitive building and the fictile cognitive buildings act uponing o ur experience in a dichotomy of experience and subjective world. As Carr provinces, â€Å" †¦ the turning organic structure of grounds makes clear that the memory inside our caputs is the merchandise of an inordinately complex natural procedure that is, at every blink of an eye, finely tuned to the alone environment in which each of us lives and the alone forms of experiences that each of us goes through. † ( Carr, 2010, P. ? ? ) Carr recounts some of the current research on memory and experience, and expands on the thought that our encephalon construction continuously changes with experience ; encephalon malleability, the turning and pruning of synaptic connexions over clip, changes our very memories and our remembrances of experience based on new experiences. ( Carr, 2010, p. 190 ) Researcher Kobi Rosenblum farther describes how memory, which in a sense is our recalled experience, can be a fictile and traveling mark. As he explains, â€Å" ..the human encephalon continues to treat information long after it is received, and the quality of memories depends on how the information is processed. † ( Carr, 2010, p. 191 )Meaning within Cognitivist/Constructivist PerspectiveMeaning as significance for each position, but it is built-in to an apprehension of constructivism. Meaning is cardinal to the intentionality of scholars ; relevancy and significance enhance a scholar ‘s ability to associate with th eir universe. It besides relates to constructs of motive as it relates to a scholars sense of bureau and battle with their experience, ad it highlights the importance of civilization and linguistic communication as societal go-betweens of larning? ? ? ? â€Å" The importance of these memory mechanisms to the development of cognitive psychological science is that, one time understood, they make it really clear that a individual ‘s ability to retrieve points is improved if the points are meaningfully related to each other or to the individual ‘s bing cognition. The cardinal word here is meaningful. â€Å" Wynn pg.4 â€Å" What is meaningful to people is determined by what they can retrieve of what they have already learned † . Wynn pg 4 Opportunities for larning within a constructivist model occur most readily when what is being learned has relevancy or high emotional valency for the scholar ; in other words when information or experiences are meaningful. In order for larning to be meaningful it should be relatable to old cognition and experience. This building-block theoretical account of cognition and experience is wholly consistent with a scholar as meaning-maker. The deductions for learning and educational teaching method are that undertakings that have significance and relevancy tend to be of greater intrinsic involvement to scholars. Research on the experience of larning speaks to the importance of significance as it relates to knowledge building, and speaks of the importance of liberty, bureau, pick, and coaction in driving our instrinsic motivational desires to prosecute in meaningful undertakings, retrieve and remember information, self-organize, and be funny. A larning context rich in significance is important.Context within Cognitivist/Constructivist PositionsLearning occurs most successfully at the intersection of a scholar ‘s old cognition of the universe and the experience of socially mediated interactions with others, and is influenced by all accumulated societal and cultural experiences. ( Bodrova & A ; Leong, 2007, p. 9 ) The context for larning resides within the experience and imaginativeness of the scholar, and is rooted in anterior experience and is mediated by teachers/facilitators and the ecological scene or context. Within this larning context, Feuerstein describes the function of mediation. â€Å" The go-between creates in a individual an attack, a signifier of mention, a desire to understand phenomena, a demand to happen order in them, to understand the order that is revealed, and to make it for oneself. † ( Feuerstein, Feuerstein, & A ; Falik, 2010, p. 37 ) Mediators can take many signifiers, but they portion in common an ability to potentiate a scholar ‘s ability to profit from larning experiences. In the absence of a go-between, even in instances where persons get cognition, they may non â€Å" understand its significance. † ( Feuerstein et al. , 2010, p. 37 )Experience within Cognitivist/Constructivist PositionsAs scholars construct their ain experiential world within a societal and cultural context, the dyadic interactions that unfold connote a grade of coaction and battle with acquisition that is per se motivated by a meaningful context within which larning occurs/unf olds. Collaborative acquisition is by its nature socially constructed acquisition, where the involvement of scholars is cardinal, meaningful, and contextual. Decontextualized acquisition by contrast deficiencies a sense of connexion to the experience of acquisition. Prior experiences of larning are diminished when there is no meaningful context, and reliable experiential acquisition suffers. When pick around construction and content is collaboratively negotiated, scholars are granted a degree of liberty around how and what they learn, and experiences that are meaningful topographic point larning within a context more suited to the acquisition manner, ends, and precedences of the scholar. Kohn emphasizes these conditions of coaction, content, and pick, as making the conditions necessary for reliable and per se motivated larning to emerge. ( Kohn, ? ? ? )Phenomenograpy/Variation Theoryâ€Å" There is no larning without understanding. And there is nounderstanding without fluctuation. † ( Marton, Trigwell, 2000 )The theory of phenomenography is connected with the survey of human experience, peculiarly as it relates to educational research. Phenomenography examines believing and larning within the context of educational research, and seeks apprehension of â€Å" the different ways in which people experience, interpret, understand, perceive, or gestate a phenomenon, or certain facet of world. † ( Orgill, ? ? ? ? ) Marton defines phenomenography as â€Å" a qualitative research methodological analysis, within the interpretivist paradigm, that investigates the qualitatively different ways in which people experience something or believe about something † ( Marton, 1986 ) . One of the cardinal epistemic dogmas? ? ? related to Phenomenographic theory relates to constructs of fluctuation, understanding, and transportation. Marton postulates that in order for larning to happen, â€Å" †¦ at that place must needfully be a form of fluctuation nowadays to see, and this form must be experienced † . ( Marton, fluctuation, pg.1 ) . In order for larning to happen, scholars must see a broad scope of fluctuation in experience, with sameness or similarity lending small to our apprehension of experience. Variation and difference create a broader context for understanding experience, and besides spread out our repertory when meeting fresh state of affairss or fortunes. This transportation of acquisition is built-in to variation theory and a cardinal underpinning of phenomenography. Experiencing difference or fluctuation may be likened to experiences of cognitive disagreement within constructivist theoretical accounts of acquisition, where an single experiences disagreement and a disturbance and must set their construct of this new information within their existing paradigm. How we categorize, makes sens e of, or place with that difference relates to our understanding accomplishments. Discernment allows a topic to see or feel an experience â€Å" against the background of his or her old experiences of something more or less different. † ( Marton, pg.386 ) . In kernel, as topics experience greater fluctuation they become more attuned to progressively subtle differences between the â€Å" physical, cultural, symbolic, or animal universe † that they inhabit. ( Marton, pg 386 ) Every phenomenon that is experienced merely in contrast to jump experiences of the same phenomenon ( marton, pg 387 ) The deductions for teaching method centre on the use of the objects of fluctuation in order for scholars to see fluctuation, go expert at discerning, and reassign larning across state of affairss. â€Å" Excellence in instruction has really much to make with what facets of the object of larning are subjected to fluctuation, and what facets of the object are capable to fluctuation at the same time. † ( Marton, pg. 391 ) Subjects learn to pull off freshness as a consequence of holding experienced freshness through fluctuation. ( Marton, pg. 394 ) . Transportation is concerned with how â€Å" what is learned in one state of affairs affects or influences what the scholar is capable of making in another situation. â€Å" ( Marton, pg. 499 )Meaning within Phenomenographic/Variation Theory PerspectiveContext within Phenomenographic/Variation Theory PerspectiveA construct that illuminates thoughts of context within the phenomenographic position relates to constructs of located acqui sition. Situated in this case â€Å" refers to what surrounds the learning event ; that is, to the socially constructed life-world in which a peculiar case of larning occurs. † ( Sameness in transportation, pg. 511 ) Sameness and difference in larning and experience are acknowledged, nevertheless â€Å" †¦ the extent to which we can do usage of something we have learned in one state of affairs to manage another state of affairs is a mom Decision Learning is non merely geting new information and hive awaying it on top of the information we already have. It involves run intoing something unexpected ( what? ? ? might depict as a disturbance ) , something that can non be easy explained by those theories or apprehensions we have already developed. To decide that struggle we have to alter what we antecedently believed ( kohn, pg 187? ? ) This account is the tie that binds constructivism, fluctuation, theory and strategy theory to societal acquisition, along with thoughts of motive and personal bureau.

PRODUCT REASSESSMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PRODUCT REASSESSMENT - Research Paper Example This paper focuses on providing a plan to reposition dial-up internet services to a new target market. This could in essence mean a new use for dial-up internet service. Repositioning and Target market For dial-up internet service providers such as NetZero and America Online to regain their internet market share, there is a need for such providers to conduct product repositioning. This will require that these providers change the identity of their product in relation to that of their competitors. Dial-up service providers need to identify new loopholes in their market and promote their product based on a new criterion (Morley & Charles, 2012). Broadband internet providers have taken a large chunk of the market share and appear to make the dial-up internet outdated. Broadband internet providers offer higher internet speeds to its customers and at a higher cost than that of dial-up internet providers. Despite the apparent takeover by broadband internet, many areas remain without intern et connection. This gets attributed to factors such as location, population, profitability, and cost of setting up infrastructure by internet service providers (Morley & Charles, 2012). ... According to Pew Research center (2012), 81 % of American adults have access to the internet. Sixty six percent of those who have access to the internet from home use broadband connection. According, to the research center, 95% of teens have internet access (Joannna & Lee, 2012). The Pew research center indicates that only 3% of Americans with home internet access use dial-up services. Among the 3% who still use the dial-up internet, price got given as the main reason for not switching to broadband connection (Joannna & Lee, 2012). The US census bureau indicates that dial-up internet service use is high in states such as Maine, Alaska, Arkansas, Mississippi, Vermont and West Virginia with over 5% of households in these states using the dial-up internet. With these current demographics on the dial-up internet accessibility, effort should get geared at increasing the current 3% of the dial-up internet users in the market (Joannna & Lee, 2012). Research needed to reposition dial-up inte rnet services Dial-up service providers need to reposition dial-up services to maintain unique innovations not found with other broadband or mobile providers currently offering Internet services. When a brand gets to provide consumers with perceptions of self-expansion, they are more likely to be loyal. Major dial-up providers still holding onto the dial-up business model should be looking for opportunities to expand services, such as including free or reduced home line telephone services as a means of incentivizing purchase. By expanding into home phone service, dial-up marketers can regain some ground on lost revenues that occurred as a product of competition and changing social and professional lifestyles. Dial-up marketers could utilize

Kafka's 'The Trial' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kafka's 'The Trial' - Essay Example Elizabeth KÃ ¼bler-Ross (1969), the author of ‘On Death and Dying’, describes the emotional cycle through the stages of denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. On the other hand, these ideas are tested in order to understand fully the way a man lived the last year of his life in a story called, ‘The Trial’. The stages KÃ ¼bler-Ross discussed are said to be a way to interpret the life of K. most especially during the time he was in the difficult stage of his life. As a Doctor, KÃ ¼bler-Ross makes a significant move on writing the book because it helps the patients and also her colleagues to comprehend with the cycle of emotional states of a person. Sometimes even Doctors are having difficulties admitting to themselves that a patient is dying and they just could not do something about it. But how effective these ideas can be to lighten up someone who is in the stage of depression? The cycle does not only pertain to a dying person, but also to a person who is in a bad situation such as hearing that a relative died, losing a career and other. Accordingly, it is fundamental to analyze KÃ ¼bler-Ross’ ideas and specifically apply to the story of ‘The Trial’. The novel is all about Josef K., a man who works in a bank as a senior clerk that was taken into custody by two agents. It was an unexpected arrest and the two agents did not discuss why K. was caught. He was then asked to wait for further instructions by the Committee of Affairs. Consequently, he was able to meet various people significant in his life and the case gets aggravated. It then changed his personality of being a confident man to an uneasy man just like the people he has met before (Kafka, 1984). Thus, the story depicts the life of K. and how he tried to cope up with a series of events that significantly defined his life before his death. The life of K. became vague in the story and reflects the

Strategic decision making (Paper Subject) Assignment

Strategic decision making (Paper Subject) - Assignment Example There were four groups of most unprofitable customers in 1999, as presented in Exhibit 3 of the case study. These were young professionals with 82% unprofitable households, boomers with 59% unprofitable households, others with 56% unprofitable households and retirees with less than one $100,000 in assets with 55% unprofitable households. Least unprofitable were retirees with assets above $100,000 with 9% unprofitable households. Changes occurred since 1999. Exhibit 3 shows that in 1999, the wealthiest customers were not the worst performing. In 2000, wealthiest customers were among the worst performing customers. Retirees remained the best performing customers in the tenth decile for both periods. However, the solution to unprofitable customers might be retention. Unprofitable customers can be turned into profitable once some of the services available to them are either eliminated or a fee is charged. Once turned profitable, in the long run they can increase company’s profits. If customer retention is high and acquisition is done wisely so that no new unprofitable customers are attracted and retained, the company can increase the number of customers, as well as their profits. AIMS is one of the larger services providing companies in the USA. In 2000 they had 3.9 million customers and over $500 billion in assets (AIMS, p.1). They span two different product lines: mutual funds and full – line brokerage services. They have three different distribution channels and different types of customers based on age, activity and wealth. There are six main types of customers. Six main types are retirees, active traders, wealthy customers with over $2 million in assets, then less wealthy customers with assets ranging from $500,000 to $2 million, boomers and young professionals. Largest group are the boomers, with 1.8 million customers (AIMS,

Human Resource Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource Management - Assignment Example This is manifested due to lack of funds and management will to implement these strategies (Sippola & Smale, 2007). The first process in designing a global cross-cultural policy for Lenovo Company is to learn the different laws, cultures, and policies of different local environments (Magala, 2005). Although the increasing diversity among employees makes it difficult, it is essential to learn them to ensure the creation of a design that caters to all cultures (Mor Barak, 2005). Secondly, it would be excellent to include employees in the creation of this policy to ensure there is no resistance (Summers, 2006). Finally, the management should consider taking advantage of the diverse cultures to enhance overall performance (Law, 2007). In designing a cross-cultural policy using the above facts, the management will be able to design a policy that accommodates the increasing diversity of employees (Fontaine, 2007). In order for Lenovo to attract employees from other cultures, they should consider performing corporate social responsibility in other societies apart from the Chinese society (Bhattacharya, Sen & Korschun, 2008). Secondly, they should campaign for quality improvement in their products in both the society and the company (Morgan, Pritchard, Pride & Morgan, 2011). In this case, the international human resources department should formulate measures that enhance all these strategies among the employees.

Events after the Balance Sheet Date. SFAS 165 Coursework

Events after the Balance Sheet Date. SFAS 165 - Coursework Example This standard has also provided some examples of such events which should be or should not be recognized and reported in the financial statements. This article examines objective of SFAS 165 in a detailed manner such that the important paragraphs of the Statement are directly reproduced from the Statement so that actual wordings of the Statements regarding the important points of the Statement can be presented in their intended meaning. This article is structured in such a manner that the first section highlights the overview of this Statement followed by the section which focuses upon the objectives of this Statement. Next section emphasizes the recognition criteria of this statement along with some of the examples taken directly from the Statement which highlight both types of events, the one which should be recognized as well as the other ones which should not be. The subsequent section outlines the comparison of SFAS 165 of GAAP with IAS 10 of IFRS. After that an example from Thomson One Banker database is reported in this article followed by discussion on that example. Conclusion is the last part of this article which leads to the end of this article. Overview of SFAS 165 Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 165 (SFAS 165) discusses the events after the balance sheet date. Those events are also referred to as subsequent events. Generally, those events that arises â€Å"after the balance sheet date but before the date of financial statements are issued or available to be issued†

Qualifications of Meaning in Advertising Images Case Study

Qualifications of Meaning in Advertising Images - Case Study Example An investigation of the interactive process instigated by cultural activity can also be seen as a "reflection on the intellectual position of certain cultures." (The English Association, 1999, p.182) Western design and visual communication is regarded as having originated from concepts of global power held by mass media and communication industries. (The English Association, 1999, p.182) By referring to Michael Halliday's concept of representing patterns of experience, visually speaking, it is suggested that what images portray is deeply related to the medium of visuality itself, and therefore a culture that is "dominated by visual signs" will communicate a different reality to one in which language is the predominate medium. (The English Association, 1999, p.182) There is a relationship between the visual and verbal texts and "the visual component of a text is an independently organized and structured message-connected to the verbal text, but in no way dependent on it and similar the other way around." (The English Association, 1999, p.182) Vivienne Westwood's image is an advertisement which focuses on selling a perfume called 'Boudoir'. (www.viviennewestwood.com) The image used in this advertisement portrays a female who is draped by purple covers and her body structure suggests her sleeping on a sunset sky. (www.viviennewestwood.com) The predominate colors are soft purple, yellow and blue. According to Michael D. Harris: "Images and symbols can convey meaning centrifugally by using concrete, physical information to evoke understandings within the viewer". (Harris, 2003, p.253) Through the images conveyed in Westwood's advertisement, it can be argued that the u se of covers and soft colors symbolize calm, sensually stimulating atmosphere, in which the reader is able to understand its connection with her perfume called 'Boudoir', or bedroom in English. Similarly, the advertisement provides the audience with a visual stimulus that is linked to sexuality, which is in turn an emotional stimulus. (Web/Online) As Westwood's image is analyzed, it is easy to understand that the sexuality concept is largely emphasized with the woman figure floating on air, naked and wrapped in bed sheets. The sexual feelings sent out to the audience through a semi-naked female stresses the "nature" style of the product. (Web/Online) The colors yellow, blue and purple contrast the relatively smaller bottle of perfume situated on the far right corner of the advertisement. The basic principle of advertising "requires that an advertisement should SURNAME, 3 first draw attention and interest then desire and action". (Web/Online) Thus, the visual language being employed by Westwood's advertisement is one of a sexual nature. The significance of the image or what its connotation implies is one of a private and sensual feeling that can be attained through the use of the perfume. Moreover, the language used in the advertisement, which is seen in bold white upper-case font, is the title of the perfume, 'Boudoir'. The title itself works through its own means as well as within the picture. For example, 'Boudoir' is part of the French language for

Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Analysis Paper - Essay Example A powerful research study, namely â€Å"Stress Tolerance: New Challenges for Millennial College Students† has been selected for studying thoroughly on this subject-matter before drawing conclusions. This essay was written in June 2012 collectively by four authors: Helen W. Bland, Bridget F. Melton, Paul Welle and Lauren Bigham. The authors deliver the idea therein that relatively newer generations have poor control and tolerance against stress and eventually they engage themselves in avoidance and denial strategies that are damaging for their welfare. The authors have targeted the college students of millennial generations, their families and their mentors who play a pivotal role in personal and professional development of students. I strongly believe that although stress might not be of severe degree as depicted by this article, still considerable amount of trauma is faced by these teenagers and thus measures need to be taken to help them overcome these obstacles. This stud y presents concrete arguments for its thesis and has proved to be highly effective for my research, providing me with extensive literature material and fruitful research benefits. This article entails possible causes for stress, found in college students, alongwith potential solutions to overcome it as it poses severe psychological and physical threats to sensitive youngsters during their critical ages. It concludes that millennial generations bear adverse characteristics and indulge in unproductive activities to fight stress. My perception revolves more or less around the same grounds as those exhibited by the authors of article in focus. The major part of thesis supported by authors is in line with my personal dissertation regarding this subject-matter: college students desperately need to be more trained to learn coping strategies that shall prove to be helpful for them, in their couple of years spent while studying for an undergraduate degree, to excel at pressure-handling and stress-busting tools and techniques. The essay selected is persuasive and effective in most of the arguments presented except for few areas where authors have made controversial claims, contradictory to my beliefs. They have been discussed in the following paragraphs: The opening section of the selected article contains an expression stating â€Å"college years have been considered as one of the most stressful times in a person's life† (Bland et al. 362). The above statement is highly subjective and prejudiced to personal experiences and mindsets. The authors are of the view that college life represents one of the most traumatic periods. On the contrary, the masses believe college life to be one of the most memorable periods of life spent in leisure, with no responsibilities and tension. I strongly believe that the later parts of human lives are far more stressful than college days due to pressure to earn a livelihood and survive in the competitive world. In spite of some powerful notions presented by authors, the exaggerated aspects of the essay weaken their position. The minor degree of academic stress and pressures to meet expectations can, on the other hand, prove out to be positive energy (known as eu-stress) for the students to work hard and perform well. Similarly, the limitations paragraph clearly states, â€Å"Since the participants were solicited from a medium-size university in the southeastern portion of the United States, the results of the study may not be representative of all college millennials†

Attribution Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Attribution Theory - Essay Example For people to interpret the causes of particular behaviour performed by other individuals, it is necessary for them to observe the behaviour, and attribute external or internal causes to it. Any outside body or agent that triggers or causes the event is an external factor while factors that are within the control of an individual and are a part of his/her personality are the internal factors (Shackleton, 1995). An example of how attribution theory can be applied in our daily lives could be our reaction to, say, having a good social circle. An individual who is a loner and has no friends to talk to will always be found complaining about how the world is so cruel and unjust. This is attributing an external factor to the event. However, a person who is the life of a party and is acquainted with a lot of people will be found claiming that it is so because of his being so attractive and smart. As obvious, this case refers to an internal factor or the factor which is within a person. There are many factors which are related to attribution. The determination of the causes depends on three things (Kelly, 1967). Distinctiveness, the first one, tells whether the person's actions are distinct and different from other situations. The second is consensus, which tells whether other people behave in the same way to the same situation. The third factor is consistency, which finds out whether the individual behaves the same way consistently to the same situation. The theory predicts that whenever there is high distinctiveness, the causes of the behaviour are external and with low distinctiveness, the factors are internal. For consensus, it is an external factor whenever there is a high consensus and an internal factor when the consensus is low. High consistency indicates an internal factor while low consistency depicts an external factor. In fact, when we apply attribution theory, there are two types of errors which can result in distorted attributions. One is the fundamental attribution error and the other is self-serving bias. (1) Fundamental attribution error: It occurs when people overestimate the effects of internal factors while underestimating the effects of external factors when judging the behavior of others (Martinko, 1995.) It is when the actions of people are attributed to their traits and personality rather than the external influence that may have led them to such an action. (2) Self-serving bias: This error, also known as attributional bias, refers to the tendency of individuals to claim responsibility for successes while attributing failures to other causes or factors (Martinko, 1995.) It is just one way of imaging what is pleasing to us rather than the realistic situation. One factor which can be related to this bias is whether there is a reward or punishment proclaimed for certain behavior (Harvey & Smith, 1977). It is suggestd that when we suceed, we tend to overestimate the internal factors which could be our talent and effort and underestimate the external factor which could be the help of others. Yet, if we were failed, we would overestimate the external factors which could be lack of collegue's co-operation, and underestimate the internal factors such as our laziness. This indicates that people would explain the same behavior to events differently if it occurred differently (. Systematic bias: It is a form of self-serving bias and occurs when people generally tend to think that they are better at tasks that are

The civil rights movements Essay Example for Free

The civil rights movements Essay This threat led to some improvement. Roosevelt’s order on discrimination however did not apply to the armed forces. At the start of the war, the army refused to train black officers; the air force would not let them train as pilots; and the navy would only use black servicemen in the kitchens. Black peoples’ blood could not be used for wounded white servicemen. Some of these barriers were broken down by government pressure during the war: 600 black pilots saw combat before the end of the war, and all three of the services eventually had black officers. However, all black servicemen had to fight in segregated units. Blacks were not allowed to die alongside whites. In 1948 President Truman officially banned the segregation of black and white people in the armed forces. However small, this marked a large step in equal rights for black people. Segregation between whites and blacks was a prominent issue. It needed to be broken down before the two races could be equal. Both segregation on buses and schools were abolished due to blacks’ peaceful protests. Famously Rosa Parks, who was sitting in the Negro section of a bus, refused to get up for a white man. Martin Luther King organised a local bus boycott, stopping most black people using busses in the whole city which meant that most buses were now almost empty because black people were the biggest bus users as most were too poor to afford cars. Victory finally came on 13 November 1956 when, just as in schools, the Supreme Court announced that segregation was illegal on buses. In the southern states ‘White Citizens Councils’ were formed to fight integration in schools and they encouraged employers to sack black people who stood up for their civil rights. In Congress Southern Senators signed a Manifesto in 1956, promising to campaign against integration. There were very violent examples where black children were blocked from going to school by white supremacists. When there was an attempt to de-segregate the Central High School in the town of Clinton, Tennessee in 1956 there were riots. Hundreds of white people, many of them in the Ku Klux Klan, stopped black students entering the school and orchestrated attacks on black people around the town, and many of them left town all together. In response to this, many supporters of the Civil Rights (many of them white) had had enough and decided to ‘form a posse’ of 47 of supporters and to take on the supremacists with a wide ‘collection of weapons’. Fighting on the streets was only averted by the arrival of the National Guard who arrested the leaders of the racist group surrounding the school Continuing dislike of segregation in the town actually led to the white racists blowing up the school in 1958. This was not a single case. The aggression shown by the whites is pretty startling – very violent (blowing up a school) and involves governors and state troops, especially against children who are innocent in this race war. With the media, their aggression shows their weakness. However blacks are portrayed very well to the media as they use non-violent protest contrary to the whites. They also get the support of the military which is ideal as they do not need to be shown being violent. It also shows that some white people seem to have been changing their minds, caused by violence and black’s peacefulness and Christianity. The Civil Rights Movements laid down the opportunity for equality between whites and blacks; the legislation needed was put into place, however the whites themselves needed convincing. The same people, who were in the Ku Klux Klan fighting against the blacks, were now expected to support equality. Despite this, mentalities were starting the change. Due the non-violence and innocence of their campaign, whites were starting to support the blacks in their struggle for equality. In this way, the Civil Rights Movements can be seen as a complete success, but a little more is needed to convince the inherently racist white southerners that this was the right thing to do before there is absolute equality. Half Term Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE USA 1941-80 section.

Walter chauncey camp Essay Example for Free

Walter chauncey camp Essay Walter Chauncey Camp was an American football player, coach, and sports writer known as the Father of American Football. He invented the sports line of scrimmage and the system of downs. With John Heisman, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, Fielding H. Yost, and George Halas, Camp was one of the most accomplished persons in the early history of American football. He played college football at Yale College from 1876 to 1882, after which he briefly studied at Yale School of Medicine. He attended Yale Medical School from 1880 to 1883, where his studies were interrupted first by an outbreak of typhoid fever and then by work for the Manhattan Watch Company. He worked for the New Haven Clock Company beginning in 1883, working his way up to chairman of the board of directors. Rules committee Camp was on the various collegiate football rules committees that developed the American game from his time as a player at Yale until his death. English Rugby rules at the time required a tackled player, when the ball was fairly held, to put the ball down immediately for scrummage. Camp proposed at the U. S. College Football 1880 rules convention that the contested scrummage be replaced with a line of scrimmage where the team with the ball started with uncontested possession. This change effectively created the evolution of the modern game of American football from its rugby football origins. He is credited with innovations such as the snap-back from center, the system of downs, and the points system, as well as the introduction of the now-standard offensive arrangement of players—a seven-man offensive line and a four-man backfield consisting of a quarterback, two halfbacks, and a fullback. Camp was also responsible for introducing the safety, the awarding of two points to the defensive side for tackling a ball carrier in his own end zone followed by a free kick by the offense from its own 20-yard line to restart play. This is significant, as rugby union has no point value award for this action, but instead awards a scrum to the attacking side five meters from the goal line. In 2011, reviewing Camps role in the founding of the sport and of the NCAA, Taylor Branch also credited Camp with cutting the number of players on a football team from 15 to 11 and adding measuring lines to the field. However, Branch noted that the revelation in a contemporaneous McClures magazine story of Camps $100,000 slush fund, along with concern about the violence of the growing sport, helped lead to  President Theodore Roosevelts intervention in the sport. The NCAA emerged from the national talks but worked to Yales disadvantage relative to rival Harvard, according to Branch. Writing Despite having a full-time job at the New Haven Clock Company, a Camp family business, and being an unpaid yet very involved adviser to the Yale football team, Camp wrote articles and books on the gridiron and sports in general. By the time of his death, he had written nearly 30 books and more than 250 magazine articles. His articles appeared in national periodicals such as Harpers Weekly, Colliers, Outing, Outlook, and The Independent, and in juvenile magazines such as St. Nicholas, Youths Companion, and Boys Magazine. His stories also appeared in major daily newspapers throughout the United States. He also selected an annual All-American team. According to his biographer Richard P. Borkowski, Camp was instrumental through writing and lecturing in attaching an almost mythical atmosphere of manliness and heroism to the game not previously known in American team sports. By the age of 33, twelve years after graduating from Yale, Walter Camp had already become known as the Father of Football. In a column in the popular magazine Harpers Weekly, sports columnist Caspar Whitney had applied the nickname; the sobriquet was appropriate because, by 1892, Camp had almost single-handedly fashioned the game of modern American football. The Daily Dozen exercise regimen Camp was a proponent of exercise, and not just for the athletes he coached. While working as an adviser to the United States military during World War I, he devised a program to help servicemen become more physically fit. Walter Camp has just developed for the Naval Commission on Training Camp Activities a short hand system of setting up exercises that seems to fill the bill; a system designed to give a man a running jump start for the serious work of the day. It is called the daily dozen set-up, meaning thereby twelve very simple exercises. Both the Army and the Navy used Camps methods. The names of the exercises in the original Daily Dozen, as the whole set became known, were hands, grind, crawl, wave, hips, grate, curl, weave,  head, grasp, crouch, and wing. As the name indicates, there were twelve exercises, and they could be completed in about eight minutes. A prolific writer, Camp wrote a book explaining the exercises and extolling their benefits. During the 1920s, a number of newspapers and magazines used the term Daily Dozen to refer to exercise in general. Starting in 1921 with the Musical Health Builder record sets, Camp began offering morning setting-up exercises to a wider market. In 1922, the initiative reached the new medium of radio.

Analysis of Creative and Innovation Management

Analysis of Creative and Innovation Management According to Tidd, Joe and Bessant, John, innovation management is defined as the discipline of managing processes in innovation. It is essentially a process within an organization that embarks on new models and ideas that deploy the creative juices of the work force towards a common understanding of goals and processes. (more in Appendix A) Why is it important? The importance of innovation is ever so increasing. In this day and age, innovativeness has come to become a force in wealth creation and business success. It leads to new business ideas and technological revolutions. According to management expert, Peter Drunker, he stressed the survival aspect that an established organization would need to innovate or face the consequences of extinction. In line with this point, many organizations today are upping their efforts measures to strengthen their ability to innovate. Innovation, besides the products and services, also includes the new processes, new supply chain systems, new marketing methods and new leadership/management styles, which would ultimately have a significant impact on productivity and growth. Today, more than ever before, the importance of innovation cannot be overlooked. With the impact of globalization, coupled with technological and knowledge revolutions, organizations and businesses will be have to constantly adapt to the ever changing business climate. Innovation will help add value and propel organizations forward towards overall improvement. This report extends research into Heathrow Terminal 5 (T5), College of Central London (CCL) and the Gilt Groupe. Heathrow Terminal 5 The Heathrow Terminal 5 (T5) project was a megaproject launch in the United Kingdom to increase the current capacity of 67 million passengers a year to 95 million passengers a year. It was a  £4.6 billion project that was large, complex and expensive. In its initiation phase, the BAA, the owners of Heathrow Airport and Laing ORourke push forth with a novel approach to extend the scope of existing research to build on the new project capabilities. The end result: it meets expectations and it is on schedule, within budget and has a high safety record. This represents a major breakthrough in project management practices of the UK construction industry. The T5 utilized state-of-the-art systems and technologies that would indefinitely make T5 one of the most modern and efficient major airport terminal in the world. It incorporated several innovative methods gathered from other industries which included Lean techniques in areas within the IT and infrastructure. For example, the BAA created incentives for contractors to work together, introduced digital tools to facilitate the collaboration between designers, engineers and project managers. It also took advantage of the revolutionary single design visualization system which in effect replaced numerous proprietary in-house IT systems with standard software linking into the logistics systems. Today, the T5 is running beyond expected levels of efficiency in all areas of customer service, and it regarded as an exception achievement. Gilt Groupe Gilt Groupe is an e-commerce retailer based in the United States. Established in 2007, its business model centers in the provision of invitation-only access to highly coveted products and experiences at insider prices. It stages online flash sales that offer its members luxury merchandise, including apparel, accessories and lifestyle items, at a bargain price for a limited period of time. For example, it will inform its members of the launch of a sale beginning noon which typically lasts for 36 hours, with bargains on luxury merchandise at up to 60% off. The Gilt Groupe is the brainchild of Alexis Maybank, a former eBay founding member, and Alexandre Wilson, a merchandising executive at Louis Vuitton and Bulgari. Long time friends, it was not until 2007 that these entrepreneurs brought their complementary strengths, interest and areas of expertise to create something innovative together. With plenty of momentum going forward, the Gilt Groupes innovative business model has attracted a total of $48million to date, and its considering a public offering in 2012. 1.2 Leading and Embracing Innovation and Change As the world economy progresses forward, evolution in organizational design continues to take on new configurations. Organizations today are eager to jump on major opportunities and embrace innovation as changes unfold. We are seeing the proliferation of good ideas that could potential become successful innovations. However, more often than not, there exist strategic barriers and bottlenecks to obstruct the implementation process of valuable innovations. Thus, organizations are willing to invest to enlist the right people and ensure the optimal use of their knowledge and experience. In leading the case for innovation, there are several approaches to embracing creativity and innovation. Anchor Innovation in Strategy According to the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and McKingsey Co, their joint-surveys have indicated that innovation is in fact one of the top three strategic corporate priorities. Looking at some of the pioneer of visionary companies, they found a common trait whereby innovation is imbued in the organizations strategy, from top to bottom, and from the delivery to its execution. It maintains center stage in Board agenda, and is regularly discussed in meeting on equal footing with sales, finance, marketing and operations. Similarly, these forward thinking companies strive to shed visibility on innovation by their implementation of new technologies to achieve marked improvements in the facilitation, management and measurement process from idea generation to its final implementation. Build an innovation culture on participation Another novel approach would be to infuse innovation within the companys corporate culture that encourages participation. In this setting, individuals are most highly incentivized by the power to make autonomous decisions and respect knowledge and a willingness of cooperation towards a joint goal of future value creation. The organizational culture should foster a comfort in employees to freely articulate challenges and express their ideas, regardless of the feasibility. Leaders should encourage the participation and allocate time and resources on innovation through developing a system of recognition that fosters and rewards all kinds of constructive behavior that would enrich and shape the culture of innovation. Make innovation a well-managed process Despite innovation clearly being one of the top three strategic corporate priorities, few if not any would actually manage innovation as a process. Whats most important here is to set in motion initiatives to garner ideas from within the organization. This could be as simple as gathering one idea per employee, and handling these suggestions to explore areas of improvement within the business processes. This will enable an organization to advance the entire innovation process, from idea capture, enrichment and evaluation through to decision-making and implementation. Presentation on The Importance of Creative and Innovative Management Task2 2.1 Influence of Vision and Mission In any leadership position, people count on the leader to set the direction and provide a bearing for the future. In broad terms, this is usually expressed and articulated in the vision or mission statement to serve as a guiding post for the organization. It sets the stage for the strategic planning and objectives, and illustrates a vision that is desirable, challenging and believable. To address the creative and innovative management processes of an organization, I will extend research into a third organization, which is a small-medium size enterprise (SME), The Dance Studio. The Dance Studio The Dance Studio is a leading retailer in Singapore, offering a myriad of latest collection dance apparel and shoe wear. Established in 2009, The Dance Studio was founded by Sally Teo to fill in the gap in providing an affordable option for all dance enthusiasts. A passionate dancer for several years, she noticed a lack of quality in affordable Latin and Ballroom competition gowns in the marketplace. Her vision was to create a niche store that understand the needs of dancers and allow them to shine on the dance floor. Since its initial launch two years ago, the retailer has embraced innovation and expanded into providing dancing shoe-wear and customized costume outfits. It also took advantage of the internet and launched an e-commerce website to expand its geographical reach to its customers. The Dance Studio has come a way in establishing their presence and constantly reiterate its vision through its support in dance events in the community. Thus far, they has sponsored two major events: (i) The Lush event at the Zouk Club, in conjunction with Imperial College London UK Boudn Event, (ii) The National University of Singapore (NUS) Social and Ballroom Club Dinner and Dance event. The Dance Studio today follows a relatively lean organizational structure, where employees hold multiple responsibilities in their contribution to the firms success. 2.2 Analytical tools to identify potential innovative ideas Leaders should inspire employees to search for innovative ways of doing things. This refers to lateral thinking, which is defined as a set of techniques and approaches to look for radically new ways to approach the problems. In the case for the Dance Studio, we could identify that the use of lateral thinking in their focus of bringing their vision to fruition. They have achieved organic growth by the expansion into dance shoe-wear and customized professional dancing costumes market. In the application of analytical tools available on the Dance Studio, it can be illustrated in the four quadrant diagram SWOT analysis in the following: Strengths: Niche market Very focused approach Lean corporate structure Flexible organization culture; ease of implementing change and ideas High profit margin business Weakness: Lack of economies of scale Vulnerable to currency fluctuations; since goods are sourced from the United States and China Opportunities: New markets to explore and expand towards Expand its geographical reach by opening retail stores in other countries Development of their brand as a niche provider to the professional dancing scene Threats: Low barriers of entry; easy penetration into this markets by competitors Business model is easily imitated. Large retailer with economies of scale could easily gain market share. Additional section on PESTLE analysis is included in the appendix 2.3 Assessment of risk and benefits of creative and innovative management ideas Risk management techniques could be applied in this case in the provision of creative and innovative management ideas. According to the ISO, it is defined as the identification, assessment and prioritization of risk as followed by the application of resources to minimize, monitor and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events. In any organization, it is vital to have risk measurement in place to deal with the creative and innovative management ideas. An approach will be to impose a structured platform to guide the innovation process by including mandatory steps such as organization of ideas, researching of patents, exploration of new markets and competition and evaluating the overall risks to ensure the most lucrative ideas are undertaken. This will enable the organization to have enhanced risk management capabilities and safe measures in place designed to make innovation a process that is sustainable and repeatable. In this aspect of pursuing these ideas, it is important to analyze all risks in this process as the higher the degree of innovation will mean the higher level of uncertainty. The sub-factors of risks can be concluding in the table: Factor of risk Sub-factor of risk Technological risk This risk arises from the feasibility in technical terms, the rate of advancement of technology, uncertainty of middle test and production. This could refer to high difficult in RD, insufficient anticipation of key techniques, methodology, etc. This type of risk will be more evident in technological innovation. Market risk This risk arises from the uncertainty of the market size and the industry. This includes the general economy, customers demand, competitive advantage in products, and lifespan of new products. This component is usually broken down to three aspects: Market demand risk difficult to access the market size and capacity prior. Market competition risk new entrants usually face severe competition as similar products or providers could already exist in the market. Market risk of entering the market difficult to decide on the ideal time to introduce products, timing here plays a critical role. Organizing risk This risk arises from the organization activity of running the company. It includes all functions within the organization structure such as: Decision-making risk leaders making wrong decision should they lack foresight and long-term view. Capability risk lack of capability and expertise in the product development process would hinder the creative and innovative management ideas. Human resource risk the diathesis and availability of employees, the retention of good people. Financial risk the available of capital and the management of finance. Information management risk lack of sufficient information of market demand could lead to innovation failure. External environment risk This risk arises from the macro political, economic, social and technological environment that could potentially cause external environmental risk. It includes a very broad view and awareness of the external environment, from the stability of national political situation to the changes of the economic cycle and the social and cultural factors that was identified in the PESTLE analysis. The 4 major components here are: Political and legal environment risk, Economic environment risk Social and culture environmental risk Technological environment risk To conclude, the innovation process with its main risks should be analyzed in detail. It is crucial for an organization to pay attention to the possible relation among different risks and access the full extent of uncertainty. 2.4 Using Change models In order to support the implementation of creative and innovative management ideas, models of change management could be applied as it simplifies a process to allow the follow through implementation success of these ideas. These models were created to cope with the unpredictability of implementing change. In reality, there is no right or wrong. It is the way to go about implementing change that would differ depending on the model utilized. The IDEAL model, for example, is an organizational improvement model that serves as a roadmap for initiating, planning, and implementing improvement actions. IDEAL refers to: initiating, diagnosing, establishing, acting, and learning. The IDEAL model essentially provides a structure to allow organizations in the planning and implementation process. It allows firms to effectively integrate the creative and innovative management ideas with the organizations strategy to establish a successful improvement programme. It comprises of a five phases that has proven beneficial in many improvement efforts through establishing a foundation for long-term improvement strategy. The five phases of IDEAL: I Initiating Laying the groundwork for a successful improvement effort. D Diagnosing Determine current position and set a target for future position. E Establishing Planning the necessary steps to reach the target destination. A Acting Follow the schedule according to the plan. L Learning Learn from experience and improve on your ability to adopt new technologies in the future.

American Homeland Security :: essays research papers

Homeland Security Millions of innocent lives lost on 9-11-01. A problem not widely discussed in the United States much until September 11, 2001 the date of the attack from terrorist organizations on the world trade centers’ New York towers in New York City. The United States of America (USA) has not worried much about self defense or in this case homeland security. Due to the actions on September 11th homeland security has been the main goal of many politicians and voters. Homeland security builds coalitions and partnerships, protects civil rights and civil liberties, and develops human capital. Coalitions and partnerships are one of the key points of homeland security (United States 2). Homeland security was created during Cold War (Watson 1). This was to protect the USA from the possibility of a nuclear war with the communistic government of the Russians at the time. Today the USA’s department of homeland security collaborates horizontally which is between different federal agencies (United States 2). This is done to ensure communication between different federal groups. Also, this ensures that the different groups join forces concerning issues in the country. They collaborate vertically through different forms of government (United States 2). One of the many coalitions for homeland security is the U.S. Department of States. This was created in 1789 (United States 3). It was made to protect the rights of people and foreign relations. This helps benefit the different forms of government having positive relations with other countries. Also homeland security protects civil rights and civil liberties (United States 2). This is done through the two main organizations the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The CIA gathers information that protects the USA and it was created to do such (â€Å"Civilian† 8). While the FBI was founded to provide other law enforments with corporative assistance (â€Å"Civilian† 12). The rights of many people are enjoyed due to the operation of these two coalitions that sometimes seems like a partnership. These liberties and rights are taken for granted by people who don’t realize how much they rely on civil liberties and rights that are the backbone of the USA. With out these organizations there would be more illegal drug trafficking from foreign companies and also domestic drug trade. These organizations are a form of internal protection.

What can managers do to create a motivating workplace? Essay -- Busines

Everybody in the world need to work to earn money. We can find that there are different jobs have different relationships between the employers and their employees. Most of the workers find that there are some necessary pacification that job should have. Directors thought workers just work for earn money, in fact ,workers need well work place where they feel comfortable. Also managers should motivate their workers by many ways. This essay will discuss what workers consider important in a job and what can managers do to motive work place. There are some factors that workers consider important in a job. The first factor the job should be an interesting job. The majority of the workers prefer to have an enjoy job. For example, Phillips (2008) said that sixty-seven percent of females and fifty-nine percent of males prefer to have an exciting job was necessary for them. In addition, the interesting work was at the priority of the employees.(article 22222222). Another example, Article (33333) reports that both groups of employers and employees are the same by put the exciting and security jobs at the tops of the self assessed needs as shown in results. The second factor workers prefer worthwhile jobs. Most of people like to work in place that when they retire, they will keep something helpful to help them in their future life. For instance, males and females choose doing something beneficial to be in the third place of a vacant survey of public opinion.(Phillips 2008).In addition, article(333333) reports that achieving som ething beneficial and being wealthy was quite necessary feeling by the managers and the workers. Another example, Phillips(2008) says that doing something constructive was another exciting result for both males an... ...ple feel how they are important in the work place, they can provide the best work they have.(article 2222222222). Another example, workers should feel value when they do their job like, they get a " pat on the back " or a " thank you " . (article 222222222). In brief, there are three methods that managers can use to stimulant worker, make the job exciting, communicate with the employees and make the workers feel value. In conclusion, this essay has discussed what the employees consider important in a job and what managers can do to motivate their work place. Interesting job, worthwhile job and security job are the factors that worker consider important in a job. There are three ways that managers can motivate their workers which are, make the job interesting, communicate with the workers and directors must make workers feel value.

Road Less Traveled :: essays research papers

THE ROAD LESS TRAVELED DISCIPLINE The Discipline section of M. Scott Peck’s The Road Less Traveled first deals with life’s difficulties. He makes it clear that we all have problems and pain but we have to deal with it to get by and to make life less difficult. "Life is difficult... Once we truly know that life is difficult--once we truly understand and accept it--then life is no longer difficult. Because once it is accepted, the fact that life is difficult no longer matters."(p.15) The four main points of the Discipline section are delaying gratification, acceptance of responsibility, dedication to reality and balancing. These four points are referred to as tools to solve life’s problems. By using these tools one is able to overcome anything that life throws his or her way. Delaying gratification as Peck puts it is "a process of scheduling the pain and pleasure of life in such a way as to enhance the pleasure by meeting and experiencing the pain first and getting it over with."(p. 19) I feel Peck’s point is to save the good things for last so that you can always have something to look forward to and an incentive to finish whatever task is at hand. Good scheduling skills and the lack of procrastination are very important in delaying gratification. Responsibility is very important in solving life’s problems. Peck says that we must accept responsibility for a problem before the problem can be solved. This is a fairly self-evident statement; however, many people feel if they put the blame for all their problems off on other people that the problems with miraculously go away. Perhaps they are scared of the pain that the problem will cause, or maybe they just can’t handle the stress of the problem. Peck goes on to make it clear that these unresolved problems with eventually catch up to you. Peck then discusses how neurosis and character disorders deal with misplaced responsibility. This misplaced responsibility is either one extreme or the other. "The neurotic assumes too much responsibility; the person with a character disorder not enough."(p. 35) I feel that responsibility can be directly tied into delaying gratification. The three main problems I see with responsibility are people either denying the fact that a problem exists, taking too much responsibility for the problems that do exist, and knowing the fact a problem exists but putting of solving the problem. The latter of the three main problems is directly related with delaying gratification because it involves putting off the difficult things.

‘My Swordhand is Singing’ Develops Essay

This novel is based around a small village called Chust, in Romania. Chust is a small 17th century village surrounded by a large and sinister wood, full of shadows of unease. The villagers were frightened of the wood, and all that it contained. They were wary of ‘outsiders’ and were led by tradition. They especially believed in the Miorita, a song about a shepherd murdered by his fellows and through a lamb, he sends word to his mother that he is not dead but has gone to ‘marry a princess from a distant land.’ They believed in vampires and ghouls and the Shadow Queen. Peter and Tomas lived a nomadic life. They moved from place to place and were not accepted in Chust. They were wood-cutters and lived on a little island with flowing water around it. Peter does not understand the significance of this moat and thinks it is just an attempt to try and bond with him. It was the first time in years where Peter and Tomas were working together and enjoying it. It is a metaphor of their own existence; lonely, isolated and secretive. Tomas has no interest in making friends and shuns society. This means that Peter doesn’t have the chance to make relationships as they are always moving around. This exacerbates his sense of isolation and makes him resent his father more. Peter does not understand what Tomas was running away from, mentally or physically. Before Peter was born, Tomas was enrolled to fight with King Michael, the ‘Winter King’. The fighting was long and savage and there was lots of bloodshed. When invading a small Turkish town, Peter found a sword. This was not just any sword. It had the power to kill vampires. â€Å"The sword was made in a land were vampires were common. This sword has the power to vrykolakoi for good.† Vrykolakoi are the living dead, souls, escaping from corpses. When Tomas’s wife died giving birth to Peter, Tomas believed his life wasn’t worth living. He had lost the only person who had cared for him, who loved him. This was ironic because his job was to return dead souls who want to be alive and here he is with no will to live and wanting to die. He doesn’t recognise the needs of the living like he does the need of the dead. Tomas starts drinking to numb the pain of his wife’s death. This is one of the main causes of Peter and Tomas having an intermittent relationship. Tomas gets infuriated as Peter always tries to stop him drinking but Tomas sees it as an invasion of freewill. â€Å"By the time Peter got inside, Tomas had already poured himself a glass of rakia. ‘Have some?’ he asked. Peter shook his head. ‘For God’s sake!’ his father shouted, without warning. ‘For God’s sake, drink with me for once!† Peter is scared of Tomas. He is intimidated by his father. He feels that Tomas is holding him responsible for his wife’s death. The live in their own worlds. â€Å"Who is ‘we’? There is no ‘we’ here.† When Peter was 5, Tomas had made him a wooden goose. Tomas was very skilled at carpentry and it was a beautiful masterpiece, a gift of love. In a fit of rage, Tomas destroyed the goose. By doing this he was breaking any bond that he had made with Peter. Peter tried to make another goose, but it was never as good. This symbolises their relationship, never to be as good as it once was. As Peter was growing up, Tomas lied to him to keep the truth from coming out about his past. Whenever Peter went into Chust to deliver logs, he would come back with stories. Stories about flocks of sheep being attacked and people dieing. Peter would tell Tomas of these but he would be scornful of them, and me for believing them. â€Å"There’s all sorts of commotion in the village’, Peter said. ‘Sheep have been attacked in their sheds.’ ‘So the wolves are getting hungry. What of it?’ ‘It’s not wolves. Well that’s what they’re saying in Chust’ ‘Pah!’ Tomas spat on the floor. ‘Idiots! And you’re and idiot too for listening†. For as long as Peter could remember, Tomas had a box. Tomas had said, ‘Do not look in the box under any circumstances’. For Peter, this is just another mystery about his father and impairs their relationship. At the end of this novel, Tomas rode into the crowd of hostages and started slaying them to the ground. Tomas knew he was going to die and this was a last effort to show Peter that he always loved him and that he was a good father. As soon Tomas was engulfed by the vampires, Peter immediately picked up the sword and fought until they were all dead. This is know as the ‘Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy’ stating that is you’re father dies you must avenge his death. When Peter went back from the battle he found a wooden goose in the tool shed. This was to symbolise that he has moved from place to place all his life and he should carry on moving, like a bird. â€Å"Tomas’ eyes were closed, but in his mind he could see Peter twisting and stroking the blade from side to side. ‘That’s it. Feel it.’ In his heart, he heard Peter’s reply. ‘Yes, Father. My swordhand is singing.’

Discrimination In The Work Environment

favoritism in baffles of hunt down is unfair sermon of manoeuverers by their employers or by their expletive p miserableers. In go bad prop variation, the employers pay no tutel senesce to complainants who be discriminated and in m each instances they turn out the sweet of molestation these grouchy depart frome a little hear. This has a tre manpowerdous negative op flummox on commercial enterprise per pissance since the discriminated unhomogeneous(prenominal) be discour ancient to per take urinate efficaciously and this in turn affects the product in that cross party or organization. In the US, the state rectitudes prohibit unfair handling of pot in their followive(prenominal) places of ferment.Discrimination in the buy the farmplace is mainly establish on age, sex, speed up, morality, disablement, nationality, information and pregnancy. All the forms of variation ar prohibited by the law in the linked States and the employer is in no mien authorise to harass sensation since he or she is non a U. S. citizen. In the States disagreement is prevalent at once just as it was in be clocks 19th century. Some observers fool claimed that at that place has been tre mendous improvement following the expiry of the civil Rights good turn in 1964 by the government.The act provided for the prosecution of those accused of keen kick the bucketers on bag of their organized religion, race, skin color, age or nationality. The 1964 Civil Right Act provided for equal word of employees in the playactplace. However, inconsistency in the workplace pushs to increasingly bonnie leafy vegetable in the modern the States (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). in that location be two major(ip)(ip) categories of favoritism disparate treatment and disparate stir. Disparate treatment is an incidence where by peerless is hard-boiled diversely from different employees by the employer on the basis of gender, age, sex, race, nationality or disa bility.The state laws prohibit unfair treatment of workers much(prenominal)(prenominal) as one creation allocated difficult assignments or much work load than former(a) fellow worker workers low taking the same work. Demotions, slight payments and creation set(p) by unjustly argon early(a) forms of disparate treatments common in the work environs. Disparate impact is a liability theory which prohibits employers from practicing unlawful favoritism during employment. Although it whitethorn appear neutral, disparate impact negatively impacts against particular ethnic, racial or sex conclave. It backside in resembling manner puddle a negative impact on various(prenominal)s of a given ghostly group or the modify.In this case an employer, for instance comes up with tests or selection criteria that atomic number 18 facially neutral and not related to the military control requirements so as to do away(predicate) with peachy deal of particular race, nationality, a nd religion. The test may overly include the lifting of requirement which is not correlated to the actual business so as to do away with more or less all the aged workers or women (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). informal badgering is a very common form of divergence experienced globally where one is coerced to provide inner favors by the fellow workers, bosses or the supervisors.Sexual harassment from the fellow workers fools it difficult for one to work hands down and peacefully. Sexual harassment from the boss or the supervisors comes most where one is coerced to admit a sexual affair so as to compass a particular work, be promoted or be retained in the club or organization. Consequently those who expire to give in to the sexual takes argon sluicetually blast, denied the job va nookiecy or demoted. This form of favoritism affects a entire range of groups particularly those functioning to different nationalities, race and skin color.In the U. S, sexual harassment in wor k places is ilsound although this do continues to affect workers leading to reduced output. It is recommended that those experiencing such discrimination should penning immediately to the respective personalities. Those steamed by the fellow workers and supervisors should report the matter to the employer as soon as possible since the employer may claim by and by that he or she was never sure of that kind of behavior when it was taking place.One should knead a written complaint and confront with a copy as well. Those harassed by employers should take a legal action by filing a case and seek help from necessary administrative agencies or from lawyers (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). Gender based discrimination is a form of harassment based on sex and it takes place in discordant places of work in the world. Although homosexual refines dictate that individuals should not be discriminated on the basis of sex, women ingest perpetually faced major discrimination in the work places and during recruitment.For instance, in different Wal-Marts in the United States, women atomic number 18 given dense tasks to serve yet limited to supercharge grooming privileges and the allowance paid to them is not worthy the work they do. When the employers ar asked about their actions, they readily defend themselves by impeach women of being psychologically emotional and cannot make critical decisions practically. Women atomic number 18 usually not given equal training as men so as to acquire relevant skills which can help them right fit in the challenging world.The parameter supplied in support of this treatment is that women can quit the job at any age since they argon not the breadwinners in the house have little to disquiet about. Moreover, former(a) reasons have been suggested that women have other duties to meet in the house or may claim to have subatomic babies to take cope of and in that respectfore training women in the same level with men could imply w astage of funds, energy and time. However, it is time for women to be treated equally as men since they have proved to attain identical qualifications as men and perform roles which were traditionally meant for men.Additionally, women are the cornerstone of both festering and the thriving of an economy is determined by both men and women (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). Another form of discrimination in the work environment is racial discrimination which has become a wide dispel trouble in the States and other Western states. For instance, in various places of work, the African-Americans are treated differently since they be presbyopic to the minority group in American population. Research reveals that a small keep down of African-Americans are employed in companies owned by Native Americans.The problem of racial discrimination in like manner affects the Hispanic Americans which further shows how racial discrimination has taken al-Qaida in the work environment. Some of the employer s have openly admitted that they dont work either with Hispanic- Americans or African- Americans. Although equality is support by civil rights laws and as well as saved by the constitution many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) have not changed their hearts on the charge of racism. Race victims facing harassment from co- workers usually work in a unconnected and non- conducive environment which is not well-off for better production.Employees are too a bother to them especially when they are finding ways to get rid of them. racial bias in work places determines job quality and should be discouraged in every(prenominal) organization (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). Age discrimination is other form of discrimination that in general affects the old mickle in various workplaces. However, young mass are as well as discriminated of their age and considered not competent even when they have the required qualifications while pursuance jobs.The old people are regarded as me ntally worn out and cannot continue to serve and execute their normal roles in companies and organizations. Employment Act of 1967 in United States protects persons who are 40 years as well as all the aged people. The act trains those who are applying for the job are protected from discrimination because of their age with respect to name and civilizes of the job. The act ensures that these old people are recruited without any form of discrimination and protects them from being laid off from their places of work with no cause.The act in like manner addresses the challenges encountered by these old people when they are peeping new jobs after being fire from other jobs. The justification behind this form of discrimination claimed by employers is that aged people are not energetic fighting(a) and effective as the youth and this implies they perform poorly in the production process. This should not be the case since the old are endowed with work knowledge and experience. There is also youth discrimination also referred to as adultism. This form of discrimination is intelligibly transparent where teenagers between 15-25 years are limited to acquiring jobs.But this kind of discrimination is craved as a paternal agenda of protecting the youth since they are supposed to be treated with care and respect by the older workers. Teenagers are also comprehend to be rebellious, uncivilised and drug addicts because they are in their teenager stage hence not contented to work with them. Moreover, they are also favorable of listening to music and this could lead to wastage of time instead of one concentrating with the allocated task (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). wisdom based discrimination is also another(prenominal) serious form of discrimination in America where people with low intelligence are highly netherprivileged.This form of discrimination has not acquired prevalent attention and an great number of individuals have been limited to or denied access to authorit ative opportunities and successes as a result their perceived level of intelligence. This kind of discrimination in some work places is exercised against those who have low IQ, those who work un exitingly, not silverish or smooth talkers. Favors are poured on the so called irreverent people since they can finish the allocated task immediate or tends to think faster . They are promoted and perceived as the intelligent.Others achieve bigger jobs since they can express themselves grably or are fluent talkers than others. The dis serviced are the fools who to have work harder than vivid people do work so as to reach the same goal and and so putting extra efforts is the only final result to raise them to the top despite monetary value and conditions in place. Intelligence is a characteristic inherited from birth just like skin color. Being not fluent in speaking, or a slow thinker should not be taken advantage of since such people are also human beings and should be treated fair ly and should have equal opportunities with smart people.There could be aspects in them which can be utilized and lead to improved productivity in the workplace. Accurate measurements on ones capabilities to perform a particular task should be the ones to be considered. Besides, many have no idea those perceived to be fools can do subtle work than the ones perceived to be the smart people. Fools also portray out-and-out(a) perfect leadership roles. Their leadership has great gains to an organization because they adhere to observance of the rules and cannot fashion plans of coming out with evil strategies against the community.Moreover, human beings are not created with equal abilities and every one has unique talents which when appreciated can improve the performance of the organization in effect. sacred discrimination is another raging problem in several U. S work places (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). . Religious believers view their assent as their main source of good will and pea ce but in many situations it is the main source of enmity, hatred, violence and division. Civil rights act 1964 and United States constitution inhibits work places from discriminating individuals on basis of their religion in terms and conditions of employment.The act also protects employees belonging to different religions from harassments such as being fired, demoted or limited to salary increments or promotion since they belong to a religion which the employer hates. It is also illegal to keep one from exercising his or her unearthly practices in the place of work. . The practices include religious holidays such as Christmas day, Sabbath day observance, wearable of special gowns like those worn by Muslims . The employer is also supposed to consider those who request for prayer breaks during work sessions.The law also covers ones ethnic beliefs. present tense Christians and individuals from other religions are suppressed by secular forces in their places of work. In America Fe deral laws are enacted to make sure religious discrimination is not exercised. This voice of Christian liberty is a right to all people of every faith to get involved in every privileges of the society without encountering harassment on basis of ones religion. Civil Rights Division prosecutes criminals accused with the cases of arson and vandalism against worshiping houses.But there are occasions where by these laws are violated, for instance, a seventh day individual being commissioned to work on a Saturday,muslim forced to wear decreed clothes instead of their usual gowns, others fired by employers reason since he or she doesnt like an employees religious beliefs. slice others are constantly harassed by fellow workers since they hate their religion. In other instances one is forced to be converted to another religion so as to receive fair treatment by the boss or supervisor. Those who resolve to stand up strong for their faith and opt to quit the job (Hughes & Dodge, 1997).Pr egnancy based discrimination is another key evident form of discrimination where by expectant mothers are not recruited or fired as a result of the visible pregnancy or probability coming to be enceinte. Others are denied significant benefits because they are not married. Others go against to be promoted because of their pregnancy. Employers dont put on with expectant mothers who come with claims of discomforts expectant women experience especially in early pregnancies such as morning sicknesses.Employer foresees this as an apology to evade work load which could other wise result into low generative yield in the organization. Expectant mothers in America are covered by Federal and state laws which are under civil rights act 1964 the law ensures pregnant mothers are to deliver their kids without loosing their work also to advance their jobs at appropriate time before onset of delivery period, and prohibits employer denying to deal leave pregnant mothers who are under doctors instructions to go for medical examination by the appropriate doctor.Employers justify their discrimination by claiming that pregnant need attention every irregular and sick off leaves they request are just means of running away from performing the allocated tasks . Eventually employers count this as a loss to a company as a result of low productivity. Employers also view pregnant women as weak personnel who are not effective and efficient since they cant work at a certain rate..Under federal law employers who have recruited more than fifteen employers are not entitled to deny a pregnant char womanhood job vacancy , lay off or force an employee to quite job since she is pregnant, deduct ones accrued retirement benefits for antecedent years for the reason of motherliness leave and retrench an employee who has done an abortion. Therefore pregnant women are in a topographic point to work conveniently so long as the have the ability to work without any problem The supervisor or th e employer is also entitled to offer maternity leave at the appropriate time and also treat pregnant women as potential workers .When a pregnant woman is not in a position to perform difficult tasks the employer is accorded to offer less difficult task (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). baulk discrimination in work places is also evident where one can be laid off or not chartered depending on disability status. American Disability Act is the law explains disability as a condition of any form of impairment which hinders one from performing major activities in life. The law ensures people with such impairments are not discriminated.In different work places in Americans those who are HIV cocksure and those with cancer history cancers are flat dramatization and discrimination . Therefore the law ensures they protected appropriately. As the saying goes disability is not inability thus incapacitate qualified applicants should not be denied a particular opportunity. The employer should treat thi s staff component equally as others according to terms and conditions of work . Disabled people are perceived not to perform effectively towards productivity of an organization since some may require frequent medical counteract ups and this could lead to wastage of time.Others may not be able to walk faster also leading to wastage of time and inefficiency in job performance. Those on wheel chairs could pose to the company extra cost such as transportation cost, repair and maintenance costs on wheel chair tires to be incurred by an organization and also this particular staff member requires special treatment. The handicapped also face stiff competition from other healthy workers hence disapprove their efforts. Employers take advantage of discriminating them and presentation favourism to the potential employees.Employers should ensure fair treatment of the disabled since no one decides to be in such a condition they should also put in place measures which protect these victims fr om other co- workers. When this is in place, the disabled are able to work in a permissive environment (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). In general, discrimination in the workplace constitutes racial, gender, religion intelligence, pregnancy, and age discrimination. The employers or other fellow employees may take advantage of other peoples weakness in exploiting and discrimination others in the workplace.People in the workplace take advantage of the underprivileged to retain them in the job. And also establish sexual affairs with employees functional under them since they promise favors such as pay increments and promotion. This should be discouraged since one can contract incurable sexual diseases and also can lead to the spread of the same disease in an organization. Discrimination based on age and race should be discouraged since it curtails ones effort in the job and in return this negatively affects the productivity. When workers are discriminated, their output is reduced since they ar e never satisfied in such environments.In other instances for interpreter where religious discrimination is rampant and many are forced to withdraw from the company especially when many forced for transition to other faiths. This automatically leads to either even off of the company or incur heavy losses which can lead to the full stop of the company indeed. State law should ensure laws regarding work places are not violated and those charged with cases of discrimination should be punish or fined accordingly. Therefore discrimination in places of work should be ever legalized. citationHughes,D&Dodge,M.A.(1997).AfricanAmericanWomeninthe body of workRelationships Between Job Conditions, Racial incline at Work, and Perceived Job Quality.American Journal of Community Psychology. 25(5) 581-599.